Table 1.
Characteristics of participants with Type 1 diabetes by insulin regimens
| Insulin regimen | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Totals | Insulin pump | Basal-bolus injections | Mixed insulin | P§ | |
| Number of participants | 1095 | 694 | 188 | 213 | |
| Mean HbA1c, | <0.0001 | ||||
| mmol/mol | 77 ± 19 | 74 ± 15 | 81 ± 20 | 85 ± 21 | |
| % | 9.2 ± 1.7 | 8.9 ± 1.4 | 9.6 ± 1.8 | 9.9 ± 1.9 | <0.0001 |
| Glycaemic control* | |||||
| Age at cohort study visit, years | 14.4 ± 2.2 | 14.1 ± 2.2 | 14.6 ± 2.2 | 15.1 ± 2.2 | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes duration, years | 7.5 ± 1.8 | 7.6 ± 1.8 | 7.5 ± 1.9 | 7.4 ± 1.7 | 0.3786 |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | <0.0001 | ||||
| White | 828 (75.6) | 593 (85.4) | 117 (62.2) | 118 (55.4) | |
| Black | 108 (9.9) | 36 (5.2) | 27 (14.4) | 45 (21.1) | |
| Sex, n (%) | 565 (51.6) | 365 (52.6) | 87 (46.3) | 113 (53.1) | 0.2743 |
| Female | 530 (48.4) | 329 (47.4) | 101 (53.7) | 100 (46.9) | |
| Male | |||||
| Household incom†, n (%) | <0.0001 | ||||
| <$25,000 | 156 (15.3) | 63 (9.5) | 33 (19.5) | 60 (31.6) | |
| $25,000–$49,000 | 189 (18.5) | 98 (14.8) | 50 (29.6) | 41 (21.6) | |
| $50,000–$74,000 | 182 (17.8) | 117 (17.7) | 29 (17.2) | 36 (18.9) | |
| >$75,000 | 493 (48.3) | 383 (57.9) | 57 (33.7) | 53 (27.9) | |
| Maximum parental education, n (%) | <0.0001 | ||||
| ≤High school graduate | 138 (12.6) | 49 (7.1) | 42 (22.3) | 47 (22.3) | |
| Some college to associates degree | 380 (34.8) | 214 (30.9) | 79 (42.0) | 87 (41.2) | |
| ≥Bachelors degree | 574 (52.6) | 430 (62.0) | 67 (35.6) | 77 (46.5) | |
| Health insurance‡, n (%) | <0.0001 | ||||
| Private | 805 (75.9) | 556 (83.1) | 127 (69.4) | 122 (58.7) | |
| Medicaid/Medicare | 255 (24.1) | 113 (16.9) | 56 (30.6) | 86 (41.3) | |
| Number of households lived in, n (%) | 0.0255 | ||||
| 1 | 925 (84.5) | 592 (85.3) | 147 (78.2) | 186 (87.3) | |
| 2+ | 170 (15.5) | 102 (14.7) | 41 (21.8) | 27 (12.7) | |
| Parent diabetes family conflict score¶ | 25.8 ± 5.5 | 25.3 ± 5.0 | 26.4 ± 5.9 | 26.7 ± 6.2 | 0.0012 |
Data are means ± SD unless otherwise indicated.
*
Poor: HbA1c ≥ 80 mmol/mol (≥ 9.5%); intermediate: HbA1c 58 to <80 mmol/mol (7.5% to <9.5%); good: HbA1c <58 mmol/mol (<7.5%).
†
Excluding participants who did not know or chose not to answer household income question.
‡
Other/none category excluded.
§
P value evaluating differences across insulin regimen groups using chi-squared (categorical) or one-way ANOVA (continuous).
¶
Score ranges from 19 to 57. Higher score indicates more conflict. Scored for complete surveys only (N=1056).