Figure 4.

Acute Iron Chelation Limits the Pro-inflammatory Macrophage Polarization

(A) IL-1β and TNF-α production in iron-deprived human macrophages (500 μM, 24 h), following LPS treatment (100 ng/mL, 24 h; LPS + DEF); n = 7 donors.

(B) LC-MS for citrate, itaconate, and succinate in basal and DEF-treated macrophages (500 μM, 24 h) throughout an LPS (100 ng/mL) time course; n = 4 donors.

(C) Itaconate:succinate and citrate:succinate ratios at 24 h; n = 4 donors.

Significance tested by ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test (A) and t test (B and C). ^∗p < 0.05, ^∗∗p < 0.01, and ^∗∗∗p < 0.001. Error bars represent SEM.

See also Figure S5.