Figure 1.

Temporal variation of extreme rainfall events over Central India. Smoothed time series of: (a) total number of 1° × 1° grids with extreme rainfall in a summer monsoon season (N_T) and the number of extreme rainfall events (N_E); (b) average size ($\overline{S}$) of extreme rainfall events. The dashed line is 1951–1980 period average. Time series shown are 11-year moving averages smoothed using a 3 point (0.25, 0.5 and 0.25) weighted averaging to highlight the long-term variations. Time series (without smoothing) of N_T and $\overline{S}$ show a significant increasing trend at the 99% confidence level based on the Mann-Kendall test. The N_T is equivalent to the count of extreme events reported in the past studies^4,6,18. The analysis used the gridded rain gauge data of the India Meteorological Department³¹.