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. 2019 Jul 16;10:3124. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-11178-w

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — A unique microfluidic device. b A microfluidic device, single-channel chip, was designed to mimic pancreatic duct-like structure with branches and narrowing diameters. a) Pancreatic ductal epithelial cells (PDECs) were cultured in the chip and (d) cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) function was monitored using iodide efflux assay with <10,000 PDECs (n = 3). e Endocrine function was monitored with 15 pancreatic islets (n = 3) c by incubating with 100 and 450 mg/dL glucose-containing media for 1 h serially. Secreted amount of insulin was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Scale bars: 50 µm (a) and 100 µm (c). (p values from one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and adjust using Bonferroni factor: **<0.005; n = 3 number of chips; data are mean ± SD)