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. 2019 Jul 16;9:10319. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-46643-5

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Serum MRS identification of LuCa from controls and differentiation among LuCa types and stages. LuCa groups vs. healthy controls (central column) and various LuCa types and stage groups (right column) were compared with two-tailed Student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test. “Increase” indicates that the values are higher in the lower group compared to the upper group; “Decrease”, indicates the opposite. For instance, the first red square in the table shows that the group of all LuCa samples presented significantly higher serum lactate (Lac, 4.11–4.10 ppm) than the group of healthy controls. See Supplementary Table S1 for sample numbers in each group, and see text for significance notation details. Abbreviations: Ala, alanine; Asp, aspartate; Cho, choline; Glc, glucose; Gln; glutamine; Glu, glutamate; GPC, glycerophosphocholine; GSH, glutathione; Lac, lactate; Lip: lipids; M-Ino, myo-inositol; PC, principal component; St, stage; Tau, taurine; Thr, threonine; Tyr, tyrosine; Val, valine. The notations of statistical significance levels are: “*”p < 0.05; “**”p < 0.005; and “***”, Bonferroni-corrected thresholds of statistical significance of p < 0.0016 or p < 0.0063 for 32 individual regions or 8 PCs, respectively. The star symbols denote statistical significances after FDR calibration.