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. 2019 Jul 16;9:10264. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-46706-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Total amount of nutrients in excreta that can be recycled within municipalities and transported between municipalities to meet crop needs. (A) The amount of crop nutrient needs that could theoretically be met by recycling before any optimization is run. (B) The amount of crop nutrient needs that could be met based on the redistribution made by the P optimization model. (C) The amount of crop nutrient needs that could be met based on the redistribution made by the NPK optimization model. Values are presented as the total amount of nutrients (y-axis) and as a percentage of total crop nutrient needs (black numbers in bars). Panels B and C only show the amount of excreta that meets crop nutrient needs, and not the surplus amounts within municipalities or resulting from excreta transport (all numbers are available in Supplementary Table S12).