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. 2019 Jul 16;9:10264. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-46706-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Transport network of P in excreta from surplus (sea green) to deficit (brick red) municipalities based on P optimization model outputs to minimize total national transport distance and eliminate surpluses of P. The left panel shows the amount (tons) of P from excreta exported or imported from or to a municipality where bubble size is proportional to the amount (also expressed as the number in the bubble). The right panel shows the distance (km) of P from excreta exported or imported from or to a municipality.