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. 2019 Jul 16;10:3121. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-11057-4

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Soil organic C, microbial biomass C, and belowground primary productivity in soil of the studied cropping systems 9 years after their implementation. a Average soil organic C (gray) and microbial biomass C (red) for five studied systems (5–10 cm soil depth). Lower and upper case letters represent statistically significant differences in terms of soil organic C and microbial biomass C, respectively (p < 0.05). Standard errors are equal to 0.1% and 28.5 µg C g⁻¹ for soil organic C and microbial biomass C, respectively. Note that microbial biomass C could not be analyzed in the continuous corn with cover crop system. b Average belowground primary productivity for switchgrass and native succession vegetation systems from 2009 (the year of establishment) till 2013 (0–10 cm soil depth). Error bars represent s.e.m. Years when switchgrass belowground primary productivity exceeded that of native succession vegetation are marked with *p < 0.1 or ***p < 0.01. Source data are provided as a Source Data file