Table 3.
Ecological, biomarker (GST) and biosorption data of the strains EH8, EH10 and EH11.
| A. Ecological Data | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aquatic Fungi (Sulfidic-Sulfurous Springs) | Mh EH10 | Mh EH8 | Mh EH 11 | |||
| Regional Occurrence/Spring |
Vicinity of Alps (Murnauer Moor) Quarzitwerk |
West of Regensburg (Danube River Side) Marching |
West of Passau (Danube River Side) Künzing |
|||
| Water Age (years) | 114 | 140 | >20,000 | |||
| Start of microbiome formation (2003) | May | March | Whole Year | |||
| Water temperature (°C) | 10.5 | 10.4 | 19.0 | |||
| Hydrological Type | Sulfide-Zinc-Hydrogen-carbonate (+Ca, +Mn) | Sulfide-Zinc-Hydrogen-Carbonate | Sulfide-Methane-Salt-Hydrogencarbonate | |||
| Sulfide content (mg/L) | 1.2 | 0.5 | 0.8 | |||
| Mineral content (mg/L) | 728 | 537 | 1249 | |||
| Redoxpotential (Eh, mV) | −106 to −97 | −185 to −173 | −253 to −241 | |||
| Water quality (Diatom-Saproby) | 2.2 | 1.9 | 1.9 | |||
| Trophy (Diatom-index) | 2.1 | 1.7 | 2.2 | |||
| B. Biomarker (GST) Activity and Metal Biosorption Features | ||||||
| GST-Activity (nmol.min-1.mg-1) | Quarzitwerk | Marching | Künzing | |||
| Microbiomes: | Cytosolic | Microsomal | Cytosolic | Microsomal | Cytosolic | Microsomal |
| IDNB | 210.95 | 9,109.62 | 15,486.36 | 5,161.41 | — | — |
| CDNB | 1,347.78 | 7,513.11 | 17,896.42 | 4,328.00 | — | — |
| DCNB | 24,256.05 | 14,789.03 | 13,803.01 | 4,364.44 | — | — |
| EPNP | 21,171.05 | 259,739.64 | 410,556.21 | 74,182.73 | — | — |
| Flourodifen | 10,229.79 | 54,066.00 | 21,178.58 | 55,418.01 | — | — |
| Fungi: | ||||||
| IDNB (Mhh: 159.69/171.28)* | 387.78 | 676.92 | 525.95 | 585.95 | 548.37 | 372.31 |
| CDNB (Mhh: 153.03/188.77)* | 174.20 | 399.20 | 553.21 | 655.23 | 358.31 | 412.54 |
| DCNB (Mhh: 138.27/46.35)* | 327.90 | 239.52 | 305.46 | 392.46 | 323.74 | 214.07 |
| EPNP (Mhh: 4,701.20/6,303.42)* | 8,473.16 | 10,060.22 | 15,342.55 | 71,878.17 | 12,383.62 | 11,988.38 |
| Flourodifen (Mhh: 315.94/635.42)* | 1,294.71 | 1,313.52 | 680.00 | 2,856.84 | 1,146.61 | 1,519.26 |
| Association: Microbiome – Moos | No | Yes | No | |||
| Effective Metal Sorption (%) | EH10 | Nm # | EH8 | Nm # | EH11 | Nm# |
| Cd (Mhh**: 53.0%) | 92.0 | 93.8 | 6.0 | 95.5 | 81.0 | 96.6 |
| Co (Mhh**: 0.0%) | 23.0 | 93.6 | 0.0 | 99.3 | 81.0 | 99.5 |
| Cr (Mhh**: 90.5%) | 38.0 | 75.1 | 99.0 | 91.9 | 91.0 | 95.3 |
| Cu (Mhh**: 0.0%) | 89.0 | 90.8 | 20.0 | 93.6 | 83.0 | 94.8 |
| Pb (Mhh**: 96.0%) | 92.0 | 82.4 | 18.0 | 82.8 | 97.0 | 96.6 |
| Hg (Mhh**: 0.0%) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 99.0# | 97.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Al (Mhh**: 0.0%) | 18.0 | 79.8 | 90.0 | 98.8 | 99.0 | 90.7 |
| Ni (Mhh**: 0.0%) | 0.0 | 91.8 | 86.0 | 95.1 | 82.0 | 99.7 |
| Zn (Mhh**: 24.8%) | 71.0 | 73.9 | 46.0 | 48.1 | 86.0 | 96.4 |
| U (Mhh**: 0.0%) | 0.0 | — | 89.0 | — | 0.0 | — |
| Combination of elicited strains EH10, EH8 and EH11 | ||||||
| New Sorptions (%) | Ag 87 | |||||
| Au 61 | ||||||
| Ti 75 | ||||||
The mean percentages of metal ion removal from water were calculated after measurements following applications of metal mixes with 1,000 µg/l per each metal to natural microbiomes (Nm, biofilms) and corresponding fungal cultures (F). The significant matched values of microbiomes and fungus of selected springs are shown in boldfont, whereas contrasting data are given in italics. Standard deviations of measurements (n = 3) at each data point were less than 5%. Abbreviations are marked: *Cytosolic/microsomal GST activity, **Mhh: Mucor hiemalis f. hiemails (DSM 2655, terrestrial strain) for comparison, # mostly intracellular accumulation, - not measured due to low amount of available materials, #Matched values are in bold font; Sorptions by Nm (=natural microbiome with key fungus) > sorption by respective key fungus shown in italics are apparently due to other microbiome’s components, being not related to respective key fungus.