Table 1. The pros and cons of humanized mice by human stem cell and tissues transplantation.

	Cell sources	Pro	Con	Ref.
PBL	Human PB lymphocyte	1. Easy to establish 2. GVHD model	1. Inability of human LT-HSC	Mosier et al., 1988; Tary-Lehmann et al., 1995
		2. Good model for xenogeneic GVHD	2. Anergic naïve and memory T cells	Gleichmann et al., 1984; Garcia et al., 1997; Tary-Lehmann and Saxon, 1992
		3. Initiation to generate lymphoid cells	3. The lacks of functional human lymphoid cells	Tsuchida et al., 1997; Dessureault et al., 1997; Tary-Lehmann and Saxon, 1992
			4. Uncontrolled B cell activation	Williams et al., 1992; Abedi et al., 1992; Gleichmann et al., 1984
SRC	Hematopoietic stem cells from a variety of sources	1. Establishment of  LT-HSC	1. The lacks of educated human T cell	Hiramatsu et al., 2003; Ishikawa et al., 2005; Melkus et al., 2006
		2. Generation of human immune system	2. Restriction system for genetic traits	Cany et al., 2013; McCune et al., 1988; Smith et al., 2016
		3. High engraftment of NK cells and CD3 lymphoid cells	3. Uncontrolled or spontaneously generation of B cells without maturation	Manz, 2007; Melkus et al., 2006
BLT	Human BM, liver, thymus	1. Environmental mimicking and complete human immune system	1. Inadequate for all HLA types	McCune et al., 1988; Wege et al., 2008; Smith et al., 2016; Melkus et al., 2006
		2. Generation of HLA restricted T cells	2. Requirement of human epitopes for high diversity	Shultz et al., 2010; Takaki et al., 2006; Niens et al., 2011; Ishikawa et al., 2005
		3. Human mucosal immune system completion	3. The developmental failure of GVHD	McCune et al., 1988; Lan et al., 2006; Karpel et al., 2015; Lavender et al., 2013

PBL, peripheral blood lymphocyte; PB, peripheral blood; GVHD, graft-versus host disease; LT-HSC, long term hematopoietic stem cell; SRC, scid repopulating cells; NK, natural killer; BLT, bone marrow liver thymus; BM, bone marrow, HLA, human leukocyte antigen.