Figure 5.

(a) Power density versus voltage and (b) current density versus voltage curve of a MAPI solar cell (data taken from [35]) compared with more idealized scenarios where first the FF is taken as ideal, then the open-circuit voltage and finally the short-circuit current density. This loss analysis shows that for the current cell, the most substantial losses relative to the Shockley–Queisser limit occur in light absorption followed by resistive losses leading to lower fill factors. Non-radiative recombination leading to reduced open-circuit voltages is the smallest of the three loss terms. (Online version in colour.)