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. 2019 Jul 10;9:222. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00222

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Copyright © 2019 Shi, Wang, Quan, Yang, Shang and Chen.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Virulence assay on chestnut stems. (A) Cankers induced by the tested strains. The wild-type (EP155), starting (DK80), and hypovirus-infected (DK80/CHV1-EP713) strains and cpatg8-deleted (Δcpatg8) and cpatg8-complemented (Δcpatg8-com) mutants were inoculated onto Chinese chestnut (C. mollissima Blume) stems. The inoculated stems were kept at 24°C and cankers were measured and photographed on day 28 postinoculation. (B) Canker size measurements of the tested strains. The assays were with five duplicates for each strain. Values are means ± SEM of three independent experiments. ^** indicates P < 0.01, determined by Student's t-test.