Time and tide

Abstract

Our future health and wellbeing depend on the oceans

The global ocean covers more than 70% of the Earth’s surface, and over half the world’s population live in coastal zones.¹ Billions of people depend on marine ecosystems for their livelihoods, with seafood providing a key source of protein² and micronutrients that form the basis of a healthy diet.³ Numerous novel medications have been extracted from marine organisms,⁴ including anti-cancer agents from sponges and algae.⁵ More broadly, the “convalescence” benefits of recreational time at the coast have been recognised by medical professionals for centuries.⁶ Time spent at the coast encourages physical activity, reduces stress, and protects against mental ill health.⁷

Unfortunately, already degraded marine ecosystems are under persistent and growing risk of further damage from microbiological and chemical pollution, overexploitation, and climate change.⁸ Rising CO₂ emissions threaten the entire marine ecosystem with acidification³ and whole coastal communities with more flooding from storms and rising sea levels⁹, with implications for critical public health infrastructure (eg, fresh water and sewage systems). Changing environmental conditions also encourage the spread of toxic algal blooms.¹⁰

Chemical threats to health range from the well documented dangers of methylmercury poisoning during fetal development¹¹ to toxicity from the complex cocktail of chemicals in the environment, including endocrine disrupting phthalates and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), whose diverse autoimmune effects are especially important for elderly people and those with compromised immune systems.^{12 13} These various health threats are not just occurring in far off places; they affect the lives of millions of people here and now and, directly or indirectly, cause diseases that medical practitioners ultimately have to deal with in their clinics.¹⁴

The United Nations report Our Oceans, Our Future made it clear in 2017 that achieving good health and wellbeing (sustainable development goal (SDG) 3) depends on SDG 14 (conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources).¹⁵ The European Marine Board and others have attempted to bring the environmental science and health communities closer together, both through its Linking Oceans and Human Health initiative¹⁶ and the inclusion of sessions on oceans and human health in its two most recent quinquennial EurOCEAN conferences (http://www.marineboard.eu).

To date, however, it has had little success. Clinicians and health researchers are essential for unravelling the interconnections between the state of marine ecosystems and health and wellbeing. Encouraging and supporting their participation in this growing field is critical. In an age of greater patient and public awareness, responding to highly vocal concerns over health issues arising from environmental damage is not a luxury but a necessity.

No time to waste

We must hold policy makers to account. Substantial rapid policy changes are possible, as shown by the response to marine plastic pollution.¹⁷ However, identifying, monitoring, and communicating the risks to human health and wellbeing from the degradation of our seas and oceans has so far not been sufficient to put them firmly on the political and global health agendas for action.

For instance, although fisheries destruction and ocean acidification were discussed extensively in the 2015 Lancet Commission on Planetary Health,² the more recent Lancet Commission on Pollution and Health¹¹ and World Health Organization health and climate change¹⁸ reports, barely mention marine issues specifically. In a world of multiple health threats and challenges, it is understandable if medical practitioners and policy makers focus on the most immediate problems they face, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and depression. Given that practitioners have a “limited pool of worry,”¹⁹ we need to better understand and communicate the opportunities for health promotion that healthy marine environments offer, as well as the loss of current (underappreciated) benefits that will occur with increasing degradation.

Insights gained over the past 100 years tell us that what has been good for humanity in the short term has often been detrimental to the rest of the planet in the longer term, including the global ocean.²⁰ We cannot continue to discharge vast amounts of waste materials into our seas and expect human health and wellbeing to be unaffected. As yet we lack a clear, global vision of how to reconcile the health of both oceans and people, and how to support decision makers in achieving sustainable marine ecosystems that promote public health. Global governance will be required to deliver these aspirations. This might, for example, involve establishing a panel similar to the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change to gather evidence and promote collaborative action.

With the decade of the ocean for sustainable development (2021–30) only 18 months away, we must accelerate research into the health risks of our rapidly changing oceans and exploit more fully all existing opportunities to use coastal areas to improve public health. It is not too late for medical practitioners and the health community to make their essential contribution. The current and future state of the global ocean will in large part determine the current and future sustainability, health, and wellbeing of everyone. Although coastal communities are on the front line, ultimately we are all affected by the seas around us.