Table 2.

Heritability of some traits linked to learning processes.

Trait	Heritability	Source
Intelligence	from 0.2 to 0.8, depending on age (see Fig. 1) 0.22 to 0.93 depending on test	Bouchard, 2004 Kandler et al., 2016
Extremely high intelligence	0.33	Zabaneh et al., 2018
Creativity	0.08 to 0.62, depending on test	Kandler et al., 2016
Working memory	0.39 0.40–0.65 0.72	Fletcher et al., 2014 Blokland et al., 2011 Hansell et al., 2015
Experimental thinking	0.44	Fletcher et al., 2014
Rational thinking	0.34	Fletcher et al., 2014
Resilience (positive adaptation in the face of adversity) Emotion-oriented coping (as a strategy used to manage adversity) Task-oriented coping (as a strategy used to manage adversity)	0.52 (males) 0.38 (females) 0.14 0.11	Navrady et al., 2018
Attention focus	0.28	Ocklenburg et al., 2016
Cognitive control	0.49	Ocklenburg et al., 2016
Grit (perseverance)	0.37	Rimfeld et al., 2016b
Planning ability	0.53	Tuvblad et al., 2017
Cooperativity	0.13	Hiraishi et al., 2015
Relational processing	0.67	Hansell et al., 2015
Literacy and Numeracy	0.68	Kovas et al., 2013
Musicality	from 0.21 to 0.51, depending on test	Gingras et al., 2015
Drawing ability	0.29	Arden et al., 2014