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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jul 17.
Published in final edited form as: JAMA Pediatr. 2015 Oct 5;169(10):e152411. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.2411

Table 2.

Associations of Compliance With DOE Recommendations With Bullying and Cyberbullying

Bullying, Odds Ratio (95% CI)
 Cyberbullying, Odds Ratio (95% CI)
Characteristic Unadjusted Adjusteda Unadjusted Adjusteda
Overall score
 ≥1 Components 0.69 (0.61–0.76) 0.76 (0.68–0.85) 0.76 (0.68–0.86) 0.80 (0.71–0.91)
 0 Components 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference]
Definition
 ≥1 Components 0.69 (0.61–0.76) 0.76 (0.68–0.85) 0.76 (0.68–0.86) 0.80 (0.71–0.91)
 0 Components 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference]
District policy development and review
 ≥1 Components 0.69 (0.61–0.76) 0.76 (0.68–0.85) 0.76 (0.68–0.86) 0.80 (0.71–0.91)
 0 Components 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference]
District policy components
 ≥1 Components 0.83 (0.73–0.95) 0.85 (0.75–0.96) 0.90 (0.81–1.01) 0.91 (0.82–1.01)
 0 Components 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference]
Additional components
 ≥1 Components 0.74 (0.66–0.83) 0.82 (0.73–0.92) 0.85 (0.77–0.93) 0.89 (0.81–0.98)
 0 Components 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference]

Abbreviation: DOE, US Department of Education.

a

Adjusted for state cultural tightness and violent crime rate.