Table 4.
Perinatal risk factors and neurodevelopmental markers in the preterm VLBW and the term SGA group; linear regression with ASEBA ASR Total Problems score, AQ Sum score and PDI Grand Total score separately as dependent variables, and for each variable one at a time as covariate
| ASEBA ASR | p | AQ | p | PDI | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | ||||
| Preterm VLBW | ||||||
| Perinatal factors | ||||||
| Gestational Age (weeks, n = 61/59/60) | −2.4 (−4.7 to − 0.05) | .161 | − 0.7 (−1.3 to − 0.1) | .102 | − 1.7 (−3.7 to 0.4) | .259 |
| Birthweight (pr. 100 g, n = 61/59/60) | − 2.2 (− 4.7 to 0.4) | .184 | − 0.5 (− 1.2 to 0.1) | .212 | − 2.0 (− 4.2 to 0.2) | .259 |
| Days in NICU (n = 58/56/58) | 0.3 (0.1 to 0.5) | .014 | 0.08 (0.03 to 0.12) | .028 | 0.2 (0.04 to 0.4) | .224 |
| Days with respiratory support (n = 60/58/59) a | 0.9 (0.4 to 1.4) | .014 | 0.2 (0.06 to 0.3) | .028 | 0.4 (−0.1 to 0.8) | .259 |
| IVH (n = 59/57/58) | 4.1 (−3.1 to 11.4) | .330 | 1.8 (0.03 to 3.6) | .129 | 4.8 (−1.5 to 11.1) | .266 |
| Maternal glucocorticoid (n = 59/57/58) | −4.4 (−17.2 to 8.4) | .525 | −0.8 (−4.1 to 2.5) | .736 | −5.6 (− 17.0 to 5.9) | .466 |
| Apgar 5 min (n = 59/57/58) | −2.3 (− 5.9 to 1.4) | .308 | −0.6 (− 1.5 to 0.4) | .425 | − 1.5 (− 4.7 to 1.8) | .467 |
| Motor function | ||||||
| BSID Psychomotor Developmental Index score at 1 year (n = 22/21/22) | − 0.2 (− 0.7 to 0.4) | .525 | − 0.1 (− 0.2 to 0.1) | .575 | 0.1 (− 0.5 to 0.6) | .813 |
| PDMS Eye/hand coordination at 5 years (n = 23/22/23) | − 1.7 (− 3.5 to 0.2) | .184 | −0.1 (− 0.6 to 0.4) | .736 | − 1.7 (− 3.7 to 0.2) | .259 |
| PDMS Balance at 5 years (n = 23/22/23) | −2.1 (− 4.4 to 0.3) | .184 | −0.2 (− 0.9 to 0.4) | .575 | −1.8 (− 4.4 to 0.8) | .305 |
| PDMS Locomotion at 5 years (n = 23/22/23) | −0.7 (− 1.7 to 0.3) | .258 | 0.1 (− 0.4 to 0.1) | .473 | −0.6 (− 1.7 to 0.5) | .446 |
| Movement ABC total score at 14 years (n = 41/39/40) | 1.2 (0.4 to 2.0) | .019 | 0.3 (0.05 to 0.5) | .089 | 0.8 (0.02 to 1.7) | .259 |
| Cognitive function | ||||||
| WPSSI at 5 years (n = 21/20/21) | −0.2 (−0.8 to 0.4) | .525 | −0.02 (− 0.2 to 0.2) | .803 | 0.1 (− 0.4 to 0.7) | .728 |
| WISC at 14 years (n = 44/42/43) b | −0.2 (− 0.5 to 0.1) | .258 | −0.1 (− 0.2 to 0.2) | .212 | −0.1 (− 0.4 to 0.2) | .748 |
| Term SGA | ||||||
| Perinatal factors | ||||||
| Gestational Age (weeks, n = 68/65/68) | −6.1 (−11.5 to −0.7) | .290 | −1.0 (−2.3 to 0.3) | .270 | −3.1 (−7.1 to 0.8) | .285 |
| Birthweight (pr. 100 g, n = 68/65/68) | −1.6 (− 5.0 to 1.8) | .778 | −0.3 (− 1.1 to 0.5) | .514 | − 1.2 (− 3.7 to 1.2) | .515 |
| Apgar 5 min (n = 57/55/57) | 16.7 (− 11.8 to 45.1) | .778 | − 0.8 (− 6.9 to 5.4) | .806 | 4.6 (− 16.5 to 25.8) | .734 |
| Motor function | ||||||
| BSID Psychomotor Developmental Index score at 1 year (n = 48/47/48) | − 0.1 (− 0.7 to 0.5) | .883 | − 0.1 (− 0.2 to 0.02) | .270 | 0.1 (− 0.4 to 0.6) | .734 |
| PDMS Eye/hand coordination at 5 years (n = 56/54/56) | −0.4 (− 1.7 to 1.0) | .778 | − 0.3 (− 0.7 to − 0.01) | .215 | −1.0 (− 2.1 to 0.01) | .283 |
| PDMS Balance at 5 years (n = 57/54/57) | −0.5 (− 1.9 to 0.9) | .778 | − 0.1 (− 0.5 to 0.3) | .746 | −0.6 (− 1.8 to 0.5) | .515 |
| PDMS Locomotion at 5 years (n = 56/54/56) | − 0.2 (− 1.0 to 0.6) | .778 | − 0.2 (− 0.3 to 0.05) | .270 | −0.03 (− 0.7 to 0.6) | .929 |
| Movement ABC total score at 14 years (n = 48/45/48) | 0.4 (−1.2 to 1.9) | .778 | 0.2 (−0.2 to 0.6) | .359 | 0.5 (−0.7 to 1.8) | .559 |
| Cognitive function | ||||||
| WPSSI at 5 years (n = 52/50/52) | −0.4 (−1.0 to 0.2) | .778 | −0.2 (− 0.4 to − 0.1) | .010 | −0.4 (− 0.9 to 0.02) | .283 |
| WISC at 14 years (n = 49/46/49) b | − 0.01 (− 0.5 to 0.5) | .956 | −0.1 (− 0.2 to 0.04) | .288 | −0.3 (− 0.7 to 0.05) | .283 |
P values adjusted for multiple comparisons according to Benjamini and Hochberg [32]
Abbreviations: VLBW Very Low Birth Weight, NICU Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, IVH Intra Ventricular Hemorrhage, BSID Bayley Scales of Infant Development, PDMS Peabody Developmental Motor Scales, WPPSI Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, WISC Wechsler intelligence scale for children
a Respiratory support: Ventilator or Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
b WISC estimated from 4 subtests