Table 1.
Characteristics of subjects with and without depression
| No depression (n = 367) | Depression (n = 68) | Significant | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||
| Male (n, %) | 220 (60%) | 36 (53%) | ns |
| Female (n, %) | 147 (40%) | 32 (47%) | |
| Age (yo) | 63.6 ± 12.7 | 60.3 ± 12.3 | p = 0.043 |
| BMI | 24.9 ± 4.1 | 26.2 ± 5.0 | |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.1 ± 0.9 | 7.1 ± 0.9 | ns |
| Insulin | |||
| User (n, %) | 185 (50%) | 30 (44%) | ns |
| Non user (n, %) | 182 (50%) | 38 (54%) | |
| Smoking habit | |||
| Yes (n, %) | 51 (14%) | 21 (31%) | p = 0.018 |
| No (n, %) | 316 (86%) | 47 (69%) | |
| Habitual alcohol consumption | |||
| Yes (n, %) | 129 (35%) | 18 (26%) | ns |
| No (n, %) | 238 (65%) | 50 (74%) | |
| Exercise frequency | |||
| None (n, %) | 186 (51%) | 41 (60%) | ns |
| Once a week (n, %) | 28 (8%) | 4 (6%) | |
| 2–3 times a week (n, %) | 54 (15%) | 10 (15%) | |
| 4–5 times a week (n, %) | 35 (10%) | 5 (7%) | |
| Almost everyday (n, %) | 64 (17%) | 8 (12%) | |
| Single | |||
| Yes (n, %) | 105 (28%) | 27 (40%) | ns |
| No (n, %) | 262 (72%) | 41(60%) | |
| Living alone | |||
| Yes (n, %) | 44 (12%) | 10 (15%) | ns |
| No (n, %) | 323 (88%) | 58 (85%) | |
| CES-D | 10.4 ± 5.1 | 27.9 ± 7.2 | p = 0.000 |
| Coping profiles | |||
| Active solution | 6.2 ± 2.6 | 6.7 ± 2.7 | ns |
| Seeking help for a solution | 8.0 ± 2.8 | 8.4 ± 2.7 | ns |
| Changing mood | 8.1 ± 2.6 | 8.0 ± 2.7 | ns |
| Changing one’s point of view | 7.5 ± 2.4 | 8.3 ± 2.3 | p = 0.008 |
| Avoidance and suppression | 9.6 ± 2.0 | 8.4 ± 2.4 | p = 0.000 |
| Emotional expression involving others | 11.3 ± 1.3 | 10.2 ± 2.3 | p = 0.000 |
| Coping dimensions | |||
| Problem focused | 14.2 ± 4.8 | 15.1 ± 4.7 | ns |
| Adaptive emotion focused | 15.6 ± 4.1 | 16.4 ± 3.9 | ns |
| Maladaptive emotion focused | 20.9 ± 2.7 | 18.6 ± 4.2 | p = 0.000 |
Data are shown as mean ± SD
p < 0.0025 was regarded as significant using Bonferroni’s correction due to multiple testing (italic)