Table 4.
Baseline sociodemographic characteristics of mothers and children enrolled in the wisc study, stratified by farm status
| Characteristic | Farm (n = 111) (%) | Non-farm (n = 129) (%) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mother | |||
| Maternal age (years) | NS | ||
| ≥ 40 | 2 | 2 | |
| 35–39 | 20 | 9 | |
| 30–34 | 40 | 44 | |
| 25–29 | 32 | 40 | |
| 18–24 | 7 | 5 | |
| Marital status | NS | ||
| Married or living with a partner | 89 | 88 | |
| Single | 5 | 8 | |
| Unknown | 6 | 4 | |
| Education | NS | ||
| High school or less | 6 | 6 | |
| Associate degree or some college | 29 | 28 | |
| Bachelor’s degree | 50 | 45 | |
| Graduate degree | 11 | 18 | |
| Unknown | 4 | 3 | |
| Annual household income | NS | ||
| ≥ $100,000 | 18 | 22 | |
| $25,000–$99,999 | 63 | 68 | |
| < $25,000 | 9 | 4 | |
| Unknown | 10 | 6 | |
| Health insurance | NS | ||
| Private | 37 | 46 | |
| Public-assisted | 60 | 53 | |
| Unknown | 3 | 1 | |
| Children | |||
| Enrollment year | NS | ||
| 2013 | 5 | 3 | |
| 2014 | 16 | 13 | |
| 2015 | 37 | 41 | |
| 2016 | 23 | 29 | |
| 2017 | 13 | 6 | |
| 2018 | 6 | 8 | |
| Season of birth | NS | ||
| Winter (Dec–Feb) | 23 | 22 | |
| Spring (Mar–May) | 28 | 25 | |
| Summer (Jun–Aug) | 22 | 27 | |
| Fall (Sep–Nov) | 27 | 26 | |
| Sex | 0.03 | ||
| Female | 43 | 58 | |
| Male | 57 | 42 | |
| Race/ethnicity | NS | ||
| White | 99 | 94 | |
| Black or African American | 1 | 2 | |
| Asian | 0 | 2 | |
| Other | 0 | 2 | |
| County of residence | < 0.0001 | ||
| Wood | 14 | 68 | |
| Clark | 23 | 17 | |
| Marathon | 23 | 19 | |
| Chippewa | 9 | 0 | |
| Barron | 8 | 0 | |
| Other (13 counties)a | 23 | 5 | |
Values are reported as frequency (% of group total)
A p value ≤ 0.05 (in italics) was considered significant
NS not significant
aStudy residence ≤ 5% in either group were combined under other