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. 2019 Jul 17;15:20. doi: 10.1186/s13005-019-0203-y

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© The Author(s). 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 4 — TD and EQV of the skin envelope consequent to different force loadings. The TD (mm) of the skin envelope was demonstrated under F1 (a, e), F2 (b, f), F3 (c, g) and F4 (d, h). The EQV (kPa) of the skin envelope was demonstrated under F1 (i), F2 (j), F3 (k) and F4 (l). Blue represented the stable part of the model. The length and direction of the arrow represented the value and direction of the deformation respectively. The changes of TD and EQV were corresponding to color change. The grey shadow represented the pre-simulation position of the model. TD, total deformation; EQV, equivalent von-mises stress