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. 2019 Jun 20;9(13):7549–7561. doi: 10.1002/ece3.5286

Table 1.

The best spatial GLMMs (estimates ± standard errors [semi‐partial R 2, Wald p‐value])

Variables All grassland species   All forest species  
Breeding (R 2 = 0.377) Wintering (R 2 = 0.688) Breeding (R 2 = 0.173) Wintering (R 2 = 0.198)
Intercept 2.15 ± 0.08 1.52 ± 0.16 2.82 ± 0.02 2.56 ± 0.03
TEMP −0.13 ± 0.04 (R 2 = 0.203, p < 0.01) 0.99 ± 0.16 (R 2 = 0.672, p < 0.01) −0.08 ± 0.02 (R 2 = 0.068, p < 0.01)  
(TEMP)2 0.15 ± 0.06 (R 2 = 0.142, p = 0.02) −0.35 ± 0.16 (R 2 = 0.112, p = 0.03) −0.05 ± 0.02 (R 2 = 0.050, p < 0.01) −0.06 ± 0.02 (R 2 = 0.039, p < 0.01)
SNOW × × ×  
(SNOW)2 × × × −0.06 ± 0.01 (R 2 = 0.126, p < 0.01)
ELEV        
(ELEV)2        
AREA 0.13 ± 0.05 (R 2 = 0.175, p = 0.01)   0.06 ± 0.02 (R 2 = 0.049, p < 0.01)  
(AREA)2 −0.08 ± 0.04 (R 2 = 0.089, p = 0.07)      
Range 3.666 km 16.091 km 0.001 km 1.046 km
Variables Grassland residents Forest residents
Breeding (R 2 = 0.638) Wintering (R 2 = 0.424) Breeding (R 2 = 0.136) Wintering (R 2 = 0.082)
Intercept 0.37 ± 0.15 −0.67 ± 0.24 1.89 ± 0.02 1.90 ± 0.02
TEMP 0.78 ± 0.14 (R 2 = 0.614, p < 0.01) 1.10 ± 0.22 (R 2 = 0.424, p < 0.01)   −0.07 ± 0.02 (R 2 = 0.072, p < 0.01)
(TEMP)2 −0.31 ± 0.13 (R 2 = 0.122, p = 0.02)   −0.06 ± 0.02 (R 2 = 0.068, p < 0.01)  
SNOW × × ×  
(SNOW)2 × × × −0.04 ± 0.01 (R 2 = 0.039, p < 0.01)
ELEV        
(ELEV)2 0.12 ± 0.06 (R 2 = 0.114, p = 0.08)   0.03 ± 0.01 (R 2 = 0.041, p < 0.01)  
AREA     0.06 ± 0.02 (R 2 = 0.026, p < 0.01)  
(AREA)2        
Range 0.000 km 0.001 km 0.001 km 2.546 km
Variables Grassland SD migrants Forest SD migrants
Breeding (R 2 = 0.191) Wintering (R 2 = 0.627) Breeding (R 2 = 0.129) Wintering (R 2 = 0.405)
Intercept 1.44 ± 0.09 0.93 ± 0.19 1.72 ± 0.03 1.59 ± 0.04
TEMP −0.12 ± 0.05 (R 2 = 0.135, p = 0.02) 0.77 ± 0.25 (R 2 = 0.605, p < 0.01) −0.08 ± 0.02 (R 2 = 0.053, p < 0.01) 0.25 ± 0.04 (R 2 = 0.178, p < 0.01)
(TEMP)2 0.12 ± 0.07 (R 2 = 0.069, p = 0.10) −0.29 ± 0.17 (R 2 = 0.109, p = 0.03) −0.04 ± 0.02 (R 2 = 0.021, p = 0.02)  
SNOW × × ×  
(SNOW)2 × × × −0.08 ± 0.02 (R 2 = 0.134, p < 0.01)
ELEV       0.12 ± 0.04 (R 2 = 0.038, p < 0.01)
(ELEV)2       −0.07 ± 0.03 (R 2 = 0.030, p = 0.02)
AREA        
(AREA)2 　   −0.04 ± 0.01 (R 2 = 0.051, p < 0.01) 　
Range 0.017 km 9.904 km 0.000 km 1.320 km
Variables Grassland LD migrants Forest LD migrants
Breeding (R 2 = 0.554) Wintering (R 2 = 0.493) Breeding (R 2 = 0.167) Wintering (R 2 = 0.194)
Intercept 0.93 ± 0.17 −0.10 ± 0.25 1.56 ± 0.04 0.62 ± 0.06
TEMP −0.46 ± 0.08 (R 2 = 0.446, p < 0.01) 0.74 ± 0.20 (R 2 = 0.359, p < 0.01) −0.18 ± 0.03 (R 2 = 0.110, p < 0.01) 0.13 ± 0.05 (R 2 = 0.023, p = 0.02)
(TEMP)2 0.22 ± 0.13 (R 2 = 0.082, p = 0.10)   −0.08 ± 0.03 (R 2 = 0.039, p < 0.01) −0.10 ± 0.05 (R 2 = 0.023, p = 0.04)
SNOW × × × −0.10 ± 0.04 (R 2 = 0.073, p = 0.01)
(SNOW)2 × × ×  
ELEV   0.55 ± 0.28 (R 2 = 0.078, p = 0.06)    
(ELEV)2   −0.29 ± 0.23 (R 2 = 0.084, p = 0.21)    
AREA 0.38 ± 0.10 (R 2 = 0.316, p < 0.01) 0.37 ± 0.13 (R 2 = 0.113, p < 0.01) 0.07 ± 0.03 (R 2 = 0.021, p = 0.03)  
(AREA)2 −0.19 ± 0.08 (R 2 = 0.124, p = 0.03)      
Range 0.148 km 12.093 km 0.000 km 0.000 km

Abbreviations: AREA, area of surrounding suitable habitat (within a radius of 1.25 km for breeding forest birds, 10 km for wintering forest birds, and 5 km for grassland birds in both seasons); Breeding, breeding season; Cross marks, explanatory variables that were not used in construction of the full model to avoid multicollinearity; ELEV, elevation; LD, long distance; Range, the average distance over which values for the response variable are correlated (note that spatial autocorrelation must be considered when these distances are greater than the minimum distance between survey sites [forest sites: 0.537 km, grassland sites: 14.648 km]); SD, short distance; SNOW, maximum snow depth; TEMP, annual mean temperature; Wintering: wintering season.