TABLE 4.
Knowledge of HPAI H5N1 Signs and Symptoms, Likelihood of Testing According to Potential Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI H5N1) Exposures, and Perceived Adequacy of Diagnostic and Treatment Capacity Among all Clinicians (n = 554), by Facility Type
| Community Health Center (Puskesmas), n = 65 | Government Hospital, n = 63 | Private Hospital, n = 111 | Private Outpatient Clinic, n = 315 | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Has heard of suspected case definition for HPAI H5N1 (%) | 95.4 | 96.8 | 98.2 | 97.8 | |
| Believes that patient could die from HPAI H5N1 virus infection (%) | 100.0 | 99.1 | 98.4 | 98.2 | |
| Knowledge of HPAI H5N1 signs, symptoms in outpatients (unaided recall, %) | |||||
| Characterizing HPAI H5N1 signs, symptoms | |||||
| Fever/feverishness | 96.9 | 90.5 | 94.6 | 88.3 | |
| Cough | 81.5 | 81.0 | 75.7 | 69.5 | |
| Tight chest/congestion | 76.9 | 79.4 | 80.2 | 68.9 | |
| Difficulty breathing/shortness of breath | 43.1 | 42.9 | 44.1 | 35.6 | |
| Other symptoms | |||||
| Runny nose | 60.0 | 54.0 | 52.3 | 54.6 | |
| Muscle ache | 52.3 | 47.6 | 55.0 | 55.2 | |
| Sore throat | 46.2 | 50.8 | 41.4 | 40.3 | |
| Stuffed/blocked nose | 44.6 | 60.3 | 50.5 | 41.3 | |
| Sneezing | 41.5 | 34.9 | 36.9 | 38.1 | |
| Nausea/vomiting | 13.9 | 14.3 | 18.0 | 11.1 | |
| Diarrhea | 3.1 | 4.8 | 9.0 | 5.1 | |
| Correctly identifies antiviral medications for treatment of HPAI H5N1 (%) | 93.3 | 68.3 | 62.2 | 62.9 | <0.001 |
| Believes treatment is needed within 48 hours of onset to be effective (%) | 78.5 | 74.9 | 79.4 | 86.5 | |
| Feels they have adequate knowledge about how to diagnose (%) | 67.7 | 57.1 | 53.2 | 45.7 | 0.008 |
| Feels they have adequate knowledge to treat (%) | 47.7 | 36.5 | 27.9 | 19.1 | <0.001 |
| Feels they have adequate equipment and resources to diagnose (%) | 12.3 | 30.2 | 16.2 | 2.9 | <0.001 |
| Feels they have adequate equipment and resources to treat (%) | 12.3 | 25.4 | 9.0 | 1.0 | <0.001 |
| Would ask patients who present with fever, cough, and shortness of breath: “Have you…in the past seven days?” (%) | |||||
| Taken care of another patient with suspected HPAI H5N1 virus infection | 52.3 | 52.4 | 54.1 | 57.7 | |
| Handled dead chickens/birds | 76.9 | 69.8 | 64.0 | 65.1 | |
| Eaten raw poultry | 40.0 | 41.3 | 33.3 | 37.1 | |
| Handled live birds at a wet market | 38.5 | 49.2 | 35.1 | 38.7 | |
| Been exposed to wild birds or wild bird feces near the home | 58.5 | 57.1 | 49.6 | 51.4 | |
| Handled slaughtered birds at a wet market | 26.2 | 25.4 | 18.0 | 26.4 | |
| Visited a traditional market where live poultry are sold | 21.5 | 19.1 | 13.5 | 18.1 | |
| Slaughtered chickens | 27.7 | 19.1 | 18.9 | 21.6 | |
| Bought poultry meat at a traditional market | 15.4 | 15.9 | 11.7 | 13.7 | |
| Been in a wet market | 7.7 | 6.4 | 8.1 | 9.5 | |
| Eaten cooked eggs | 15.4 | 6.4 | 6.3 | 6.7 | |
| Eaten cooked chicken | 24.6 | 9.5 | 15.3 | 14.0 | |
| Self-reported likelihood of testing for HPAI H5N1 if symptomatic patient has (in past 7 days, scale of 1–4) (mean, SE)a | |||||
| Taken care of another patient with suspected HPAI H5N1 virus infection | 3.57 (0.07) | 3.45 (0.04) | 3.50 (0.07) | 3.43 (0.06) | |
| Handled dead chickens | 3.49 (0.07) | 3.44 (0.07) | 3.36 (0.06) | 3.40 (0.03) | |
| Eaten raw poultry products | 3.35 (0.07) | 3.26 (0.07) | 3.26 (0.06) | 3.22 (0.03) | |
| Been exposed to wild birds or their feces near home | 3.29 (0.08) | 3.35 (0.07) | 3.26 (0.06) | 3.28 (0.03) | |
| Handled live birds at wet market | 3.00 (0.08) | 3.16 (0.08) | 3.16 (0.06) | 3.14 (0.03) | |
| Handled slaughtered birds at wet market | 3.14 (0.08) | 3.05 (0.08) | 3.06 (0.05) | 3.10 (0.03) | |
| Visited traditional market where live poultry are sold | 2.97 (0.08) | 2.94 (0.09) | 2.88 (0.06) | 2.89 (0.03) | |
| Slaughtered chickens | 2.95 (0.08) | 3.00 (0.07) | 3.06 (0.05) | 3.06 (0.05) | |
| Bought poultry meat in traditional market | 2.95 (0.08) | 2.69 (0.09) | 2.78 (0.06) | 2.79 (0.04) | |
| Been in a wet market | 2.93 (0.09) | 2.64 (0.09) | 2.83 (0.06) | 2.80 (0.04) | |
| Eaten cooked chicken | 2.35 (0.10) | 2.52 (0.08) | 2.50 (0.06) | 2.47 (0.04) | |
| Eaten cooked eggs | 2.26 (0.09) | 2.42 (0.08) | 2.35 (0.05) | 2.29 (0.04) |
Abbreviation: SE, standard error.
a
1 = very unlikely, 4 = very likely.