. 2019 Jul 1;2019:9680390. doi: 10.1155/2019/9680390

Table 2.

Clinical and hormonal parameters of study subjects in both groups before and after 8 weeks of intervention.

	Metformin + placebo (n=16)			P value^∗	Metformin + calcium + vitamin D₃ (n=18)			P value^∗	P value^#	P value^‡
	Before	After	Mean change	P value^∗	Before	After	Mean change	P value^∗	P value^#	P value^‡
Weight (kg)	71.39 ± 14.79	70.48 ± 15.19	−0.91 ± 1.67	0.047	64.29 ± 13.02	62.54 ± 13.10	−1.76 ± 2.23	0.004	0.147	0.223
BMI (kg/m²)	28.01 ± 4.41	27.63 ± 4.35	−0.39 ± 0.66	0.032	25.48 ± 4.97	24.78 ± 4.99	−0.70 ± 0.90	0.004	0.128	0.255
Waist circumference (cm)	90.88 ± 12.66	88.75 ± 13.53	−2.13 ± 2.09	0.007	84.61 ± 10.43	81.58 ± 10.31	−3.03 ± 3.12	0.003	0.124	0.135
Hip circumference (cm)	106.25 ± 9.12	104.94 ± 9.28	−1.31 ± 1.35	0.001	103.50 ± 10.46	101.28 ± 10.57	−2.22 ± 2.13	0.0001	0.423	0.153
Waist/hip	0.85 ± 0.06	0.84 ± 0.07	−0.01 ± 0.02	0.026	0.82 ± 0.04	0.80 ± 0.04	−0.01 ± 0.03	0.039	0.088	0.825
LH (mIU/ml)	10.03 ± 5.55	6.86 ± 3.76	−3.17 ± 5.20	0.028	7.73 ± 5.17	6.10 ± 3.23	−1.63 ± 3.04	0.149	0.144	0.403
FSH (mIU/ml)	6.33 ± 2.10	6.89 ± 1.91	0.56 ± 1.16	0.073	5.45 ± 1.73	6.17 ± 1.67	0.72 ± 1.36	0.037	0.187	0.707
LH/FSH	1.77 ± 1.26	1.02 ± 0.48	−0.74 ± 1.22	0.027	1.45 ± 0.94	1.04 ± 0.68	−0.41 ± 0.51	0.003	0.506	0.721
IGF-1 (ng/ml)	193.61 ± 90.25	184.33 ± 72.39	−9.28 ± 93.01	0.695	208.56 ± 106.52	180.35 ± 86.72	−28.21 ± 46.33	0.019	0.664	0.450
IGFBP-1 (ng/ml)	5.59 ± 5.47	4.71 ± 3.30	−0.88 ± 5.48	0.918	7.42 ± 6.14	7.50 ± 8.73	0.08 ± 6.32	0.879	0.368	0.959
IGF-1/IGFBP-1	89.69 ± 123.30	91.02 ± 126.77	1.33 ± 84.84	0.951	76.01 ± 104.57	43.61 ± 37.54	−32.40 ± 74.49	0.231	0.463	0.670
Vitamin D (ng/ml)	19.88 ± 3.92	19.99 ± 5.78	0.11 ± 4.79	0.928	20.42 ± 6.10	39.80 ± 5.55	19.38 ± 7.78	0.0001	0.764	0.0001
Calcium (mg/dl)	9.40 ± 0.71	9.41 ± 0.66	0.01 ± 0.86	0.977	9.09 ± 0.43	9.92 ± 0.84	0.83 ± 0.82	0.0001	0.126	0.014
Phosphorus (mg/dl)	3.82 ± 0.83	4.08 ± 1.51	0.26 ± 1.78	0.875	3.56 ± 0.72	3.94 ± 0.50	0.38 ± 0.85	0.072	0.330	0.281

BMI: body mass index; LH: luteinizing hormone; FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone; IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor-1; IGFBP-1: insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1; ^∗within-group comparison between baseline and 8 weeks of intervention (pretest vs posttest); ^#between-group comparison at baseline (pretest metformin-placebo group vs pretest metformin-calcium-vitamin D₃ group); ^‡: between-group comparison in means of changes from baseline (posttest minus pretest) (means of changes in metformin-placebo group vs means of changes in metformin-calcium-vitamin D₃ group).