Table 2.
Plant-mediated synthesis of AgNPs
| Plant (Family)-Local Name | Part | Characterization | Phytoconstituents Present in plant | Size of AgNPs | Shape of AgNPs | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acacia nilotica (Fabaceae) — babul | Pod | UV-vis, HRTEM, FTIR, DLS, EDS, XRD, ζ-potential | Gallic acid, ellagic acid, epicatechin, rutin | HRTEM (20–30 nm) | Distorted spherical | 151 |
| Ocimum sanctum (Lamiaceae) — tulsi | Fresh leaf | UV-vis, TEM, XRD, FTIR | Alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, saponins, aromatic compounds | TEM (3–20 nm, average 9.5 nm) | Spherical | 152 |
| Citrullus colocynthis (Cucurbitaceae) — bitter apple | Fresh leaf | UV-vis, FTIR, AFM | NA | AFM (31 nm) | Spherical | 153 |
| Coccinia grandis (Cucurbitaceae) — ivy gourd | Fresh leaf | UV-vis, HRTEM, SEM, XRD, FTIR, TGA, EDS | Triterpenoids, alkaloids, tannin | TEM (20–30 nm) | Spherical | 154 |
| Pterocarpus santalinus (Fabaceae) — sandalwood | Fresh leaf | UV-vis, SEM, XRD, FTIR, AFM, EDX | NA | SEM (20–50 nm, average 20 nm), AFM (41 nm) | Spherical | 155 |
| Coleus aromaticus (Lamiaceae) — borage | Fresh leaf | UV-vis, XRD, FTIR, EDAX | Carvacrol, caryophyllene, patchoulene, flavonoids | SEM (40–50 nm) | Spherical | 156 |
| Jatropha curcas (Euphorbiaceae) — physic nut | Seed | UV-vis, HRTEM, XRD | NA | HRTEM (1,550 nm) at 10–3 M and 30–50 nm at 10−2 M | Spherical (at 10–3 M), unevenly shaped (at 10–2 M) | 157 |
| Melia dubia (Meliaceae) — malai vembu | Fresh leaf | UV-vis, TEM, SEM–EDS, XRD | Alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, phenolic compounds, tannins, gums, mucilages | XRD (average 7.3 nm) | Irregular, but mostly spherical | 158 |
| Capsicum annuum (Solanaceae) — peppers | Fresh leaf | UV-vis, TEM, FTIR, SAED, XRD, XPS, CV, DPV | Proteins/enzymes, polysaccharides, amino acids, vitamins | TEM (10±2 nm at 5 hours) | Spherical | 159 |
| Annona squamosa (Annonaceae) — sweetsops | Young leaf | UV-vis, XRD, TEM, FTIR, EDS, ζ-potential | Glycoside, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins phenolic compounds, phytosterols | TEM (20–100 nm) | Spherical | 160 |
| Camellia sinensis (Theaceae) —tea | Dried leaf | XRD, TEM, FTIR | NA | Debye–Scherrer equation (3.42 nm), TEM (2–10 nm, average 4.06 nm) | Spherical | 161 |
| Citrus sinensis (Rutaceae) — orange | Peel extract | UV-vis, TEM, FESEM, FTIR, XRD, EDAX | Vitamin C, flavonoids, acids, volatile oils | XDS (33±3 nm at 25°C, 8±2 nm at 60°C,), HRTEM (35±2 nm) | Spherical | 38 |
| Lantana camara (Verbenaceae) — wild/red sage | Fresh leaf | UV-vis, TEM, FESEM, FTIR, XRD, XPS, AFM, SAED | Phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, lipids, proteins, carbohydrates | FESEM (34 nm), AFM (17–31 nm), TEM (14–27 nm), XRD (11–24 nm), SAED (~14 nm) | Spherical | 162 |
| Coriandrum sativum (Apiaceae) — coriander | Fresh leaf | UV-vis, TEM, FTIR, XRD, Z-scan techniques | Carotene, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, oxalic acid, sodium | TEM (8–75 nm, average 26 nm) | Spherical | 163 |
| Aloe vera (Asphodelaceae) — first-aid plant | Fresh leaf | UV-vis, TEM, FTIR, AFM, NIR absorption spectroscopy | NA | TEM (15.2±4.2 nm) | Spherical | 164 |
| Memecylon edule (Melastomataceae) — delek bangas | Shade-dried leaf | UV-vis, TEM, SEM, FTIR, EDAX | Triterpenes, tannins, flavonoids, saponin | TEM (50–90 nm) | Square | 165 |
| Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Malvaceae) — rose mallow | Leaf | UV-vis, TEM, FTIR, XRD, SAED | Proteins, vitamin C, organic acids (essentially malic acid), flavonoids, anthocyanins | TEM (average size 13 nm), Scherrer equation (13 nm) | Spherical | 166 |
| Cinnamomum camphora (Lauraceae) — camphorwood | Fresh leaf | UV-vis, TEM, SEM, XRD, AFM | NA | TEM (55−80 nm, average diameter 64.8 nm) | Quasispherical | 55 |
| Piper longum (Piperaceae) — pipli | Dried fruit powder | UV-vis, SEM, FTIR, DLS | Piperidine, alkaloids, tannins, dihydrostigmasterol, sesamim, terpenines | DLS (15–200 nm, average 46 nm) | Spherical | 167 |
| Sesbania grandiflora (Fabaceae) — hummingbird tree | Fresh leaf | UV-vis, FE-TEM, FTIR, XRD, SAED | Carboxylic compounds, flavonoids, terpenoids, polyphenols | TEM (10–50 nm, average 24.1 nm), XRD (18.52 nm) | Spherical | 168 |
| Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae) — drumstick tree | Fresh stem bark | UV-vis, TEM, HRSEM, FTIR, DLS, AFM | Phenols, β-sitosterol, caffeoylquinic acid, quercetin, kaempferol | HRTEM (average size 40 nm), DLS (38 nm), SEM (40 nm) | Spherical and pentagonal | 169 |
| Origanum vulgare (Lamiaceae) — oregano | Leaves | UV-vis, FESEM, FTIR, XRD, DLS, ζ-potential | NA | FESEM (63–85 nm), Scherrer formula (65 nm), DLS (136±10.09 nm) | Spherical | 170 |
| Vitex negundo (Lamiaceae) — Chinese chaste tree | Fresh leaf | UV-vis, TEM, FESEM, FTIR, XRD, EDX | Alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, reducing sugars, resin tannins | TEM (5–47 nm) | Spherical | 171 |
| Tephrosia tinctoria (Fabaceae) — alu pila | Shade dried stem extract | UV-vis, TEM, SEM, FTIR | Phenol, flavonoids | TEM (73 nm) | Spherical | 172 |
| Mimusops elengi (Sapotaceae) — Spanish cherry | Seed | UV-vis, TEM, FTIR, XRD, HPLC | Ascorbic acid, gallic acid, pyrogallol, resorcinol | TEM (12.8–30.48 nm) | Spherical | 173 |
| Alternanthera dentate (Amaranthaceae) — Joseph’s coat | Leaf | FTIR, TEM, SEM, XRD | NA | SEM (50–100 nm) | Spherical | 174 |
| Sesuvium portulacastrum (Aizoaceae) — salt marsh | Leaf | UV-vis, TEM, FTIR, XRD | NA | TEM (5–20 nm) | Spherical | 175 |
| Dalbergia spinosa (Faboideae) — liana | Shade-dried leaf | UV-vis, TEM, FTIR, DLS | Flavonoids, isoflavonoids, neoflavonoids, steroids, terpenoids | TEM (18±4 nm) | Spherical | 176 |
| Sambucus nigra (Adoxaceae) — European black elderberry | Frozen fruit | UV-vis, FTIR, XRD, ζ-potential | Polyphenol anthocyanins | TEM (20–80 nm) | Spherical | 177 |
| Millingtonia hortensis (Bignoniaceae) — neem | Dried leaf | NA | NA | 2–8 nm | NA | 178 |
| Syzygium cumini (Myrtaceae) — jamun | Air-dried seed | UV-vis, SEM, XRD, FTIR, DLS, ζ-potential, HPLC | Gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, quercetin, 3,4-dihyroxybenzoic acid | SEM (40–100 nm), average 43.02 nm, Z-average 43±1.25 | Irregular spherical contour | 179 |
| Mukia maderaspatana (Cucurbitaceae) — Madras pea pumpkin | Fresh leaf | UV-vis, FESEM, FTIR, XRD, ART | NA | FESEM (13–34 nm), Debye–Scherrer formula (64 nm) | Spherical | 180 |
| Nelumbo nucifera (Nelumbonaceae) — sacred lotus | Fresh leaf | UV-vis, TEM, SEM, FTIR, XRD | Betulinic acid, steroidal pentacyclic triterpenoid, procyanidins | TEM (25–80 nm, average 45 nm), SEM (25–80 nm) | Spherical (TEM), triangular (SEM) | 181 |
| Rhizophora mucronata (Rhizophoraceae) — mangrove | Leaf | UV-vis, FTIR, XRD, AFM | Alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, terpenoids | AFM (60–95 nm) | Spherical | 182 |
Abbreviations: CV, Cyclic voltammograms; ART, total reflectance technique; NPs, nanoparticles; UV-vis, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy; TEM, transmission electron microscopy; SEM, scanning electron microscopy; FESEM, field-emission SEM; HREM, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy; XRD, X-ray diffraction; FTIR, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy; AFM, atomic force microscopy; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; DLS, dynamic light scattering; EDX, energy-dispersive X-ray (spectroscopy); EDAX, ED X-ray analysis; SAED, selected-area electron diffraction; TGA, thermogravimetric analysis; NA, not available; CV, ; ART, .