Table 2.
Mixed-effects regression analysis testing the interaction of different types of dairy intake by time with changes in BMI z-score (zBMI), BMI and weight over a 12-month weight loss programa
| Beta estimate for dairy intake × visit (95% CI) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1b | Model 2b | Model 3b | AICc Model 1/Model 2/Model 3 | |
| Total dairy | ||||
| AIC for total dairy models | ||||
| zBMI, SD | −0.005 (−0.010, −0.001)* | −0.007 (−0.012, −0.003)** | −0.002 (−0.006, 0.003) | zBMI: −61.3/−133.9/−95.3 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | −0.028 (−0.077, 0.021) | −0.057 (−0.108, −0.007)* | −0.005 (−0.057, 0.047) | BMI: 1191.8/837.0/390.2 |
| Weight, kg | −0.133 (−0.281, 0.014) | −0.209 (−0.359, −0.059)** | −0.055 (−0.190, 0.079) | Weight: 1728.0/1275.5/573.1 |
| By type of diary | ||||
| AIC for type of dairy models | ||||
| Unflavored milk | zBMI: −22.4/−93.2/−11.5 | |||
| zBMI, SD | −0.0090 (−0.0156, −0.0025)** | −0.0120 (−0.0187, −0.0052)** | 0.0044 (−0.0046, 0.0134) | BMI: 1187.5/835.1/395.1 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | −0.079 (−0.154, −0.005)* | −0.101 (−0.175, −0.027)** | 0.021 (−0.072, 0.113) | Weight: 1703.9/1252.3/546.8 |
| Weight, kg | −0.228 (−0.451, −0.005)* | −0.299 (−0.518, −0.079)** | 0.213 (−0.008, 0.434) | |
| Flavored milk | ||||
| zBMI, SD | 0.0031 (−0.0118, 0.0180) | −0.0059 (−0.0219, 0.0100) | 0.0095 (−0.0133, 0.0323) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 0.050 (−0.120, 0.220) | −0.089 (−0.263, 0.085) | 0.022 (−0.232, 0.276) | |
| Weight, kg | −0.144 (−0.652, 0.364) | −0.362 (−0.880, 0.156) | −0.021 (−0.626, 0.584) | |
| Yogurt | ||||
| zBMI, SD | 0.0069 (−0.0243, 0.0381) | 0.0184 (−0.0148, 0.0515) | −0.0208 (−0.0667, 0.0251) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 0.115 (−0.237, 0.467) | 0.200 (−0.160, 0.560) | −0.168 (−0.692, 0.357) | |
| Weight, kg | 0.076 (−0.977, 1.13) | 0.190 (−0.880, 1.261) | −1.46 (−2.71, −0.202)* | |
| Cheese | ||||
| zBMI, SD | −0.0055 (−0.0137, 0.0027) | −0.0070 (−0.0152, 0.0013) | −0.0030 (−0.0119, 0.0059) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | −0.013 (−0.105, 0.079) | −0.041 (−0.130, 0.049) | 0.017 (−0.083, 0.118) | |
| Weight, kg | −0.111 (−0.387, 0.165) | −0.204 (−0.471, 0.063) | −0.050 (−0.290, 0.191) | |
| Cream | ||||
| zBMI, SD | −0.0140 (−0.0532, 0.0251) | −0.0181 (−0.0629, 0.0266) | 0.0073 (−0.0374, 0.0521) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 0.054 (−0.389, 0.497) | −0.105 (−0.593, 0.383) | −0.047 (−0.532, 0.438) | |
| Weight, kg | 0.417 (−0.911, 1.74) | 0.144 (−1.31, 1.59) | 0.414 (−0.739, 1.57) | |
| Dairy dessert | ||||
| zBMI, SD | 0.0018 (−0.0083, 0.0118) | 0.0019 (−0.0083, 0.0121) | −0.0017 (−0.0117, 0.0082) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 0.021 (−0.092, 0.135) | 0.029 (−0.082, 0.140) | −0.029 (−0.137, 0.000) | |
| Weight, kg | 0.035 (−0.305, 0.375) | 0.0390 (−0.291, 0.369) | −0.195 (−0.452, 0.062) | |
| By dairy fat content | ||||
| AIC for dairy fat content models | ||||
| Full fat | zBMI: −43.7/−120.9/−68.6 | |||
| zBMI, SD | 0.0006 (−0.0087, 0.0010) | −0.0025 (−0.0119, 0.0068) | −0.0010 (−0.0089, 0.0070) | BMI: 1195.3/839.2/398.3 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 0.002 (−0.103, 0.108) | −0.042 (−0.145, 0.060) | 0.005 (−0.087, 0.097) | Weight: 1718.4/1264.8/573.9 |
| Weight, kg | 0.095 (−0.214, 0.404) | −0.107 (−0.408, 0.194) | −0.110 (−0.348, 0.129) | |
| Reduced fat | ||||
| zBMI, SD | −0.0083 (−0.0157, −0.0010)* | −0.0078 (−0.0150, −0.0007)* | −0.0033 (−0.0113, 0.0048) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | −0.057 (−0.140, 0.026) | −0.059 (−0.137, 0.019) | −0.012 (−0.105, 0.081) | |
| Weight, kg | −0.205 (−0.449, 0.038) | −0.195 (−0.424, 0.034) | 0.037 (−0.205, 0.280) | |
| Low fat or fat free | ||||
| zBMI, SD | −0.0087 (−0.0152, −0.0022)** | −0.0149 (−0.0224, −0.0075)** | 0.0005 (−0.0079, 0.0089) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | −0.047 (−0.120, 0.027) | −0.113 (−0.195, −0.032)** | 0.016 (−0.081, 0.112) | |
| Weight, kg | −0.286 (−0.502, −0.071)** | −0.445 (−0.683, −0.208)** | 0.147 (−0.101, 0.395) | |
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.
aBeta estimates and 95% CIs were computed using multivariate mixed-effects regression analyses. Separate analyses were conducted for each dependent variable of zBMI, BMI and weight. All dairy variables reported and food groups included in the models are energy-adjusted.
bModel 1 is adjusted for total energy intake. Model 2 is additionally adjusted for family income, parental education, race, baseline zBMI/BMI/weight and study condition. For BMI/weight, age and sex are also included. Model 3 is additionally adjusted for physical activity, screen time and energy-adjusted intake of fruit, vegetable, whole grains and sugar.
cAIC = Akaike Information Criterion. The lower the value, the better the model fit.