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Effect sizes for differential item functioning (DIF) and differential test functioning (DTF) exhibited by the University of North Carolina Perceived Message Effectiveness Scale. Interpretation of Cohen’s d (with respect to absolute value): negligible DIF or DTF, d ≤ 0.2; and DIF or DTF requiring further investigation, d > 0.2. Edu = participant educational attainment (high or low); React = message reactance (high or low).
