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. 2019 Jul 4;176(16):2877–2893. doi: 10.1111/bph.14713

Figure 4.

Figure 4

R17 protects against lipid‐induced cell death and apoptosis. Panels (a–c), effects of R17 in HF‐fed mice as described for Figure 1. (a–b) Caspase 8/3 activity in the liver. (c) Apoptosis in the liver determined by a TUNEL assay in situ. Representative images were captured and the foci (green) were quantified by an Image J software. Data shown are individual values with means ± SEM, N = 8 mice per group. *P < .05, significantly different from CH control mice; # P < .05, significantly different from HF control mice. Panels (d–h), HuH7 cells were incubated with OA (0.5 mM) or PA (0.5 mM) for 24 hr with or without R17 (1 μM). The cell viability, viable cell, cell apoptosis, and protein levels were determined. (d) Effect on cell viability. (e) Effect on cell survival. (f) Effects on the apoptosis over time (6, 12, and 24 hr). (g) Effect on caspase 3 activity. (h) Effects on apoptosis‐related proteins. Protein levels were quantified and normalized to actin; and relative fold increases were determined by comparison with the blank group. Data shown are individual values with means ± SEM, N = 5 independent experiments. *P < .05, significantly different from blank; # P < .05, significantly different from control (Ctrl)