Table 5.
Main Features of Non-MCT-induced Animal Models of SOS.
| Induction method | Animal | Primary author | Year | Dosage | Timing and periodicity | Primary goal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gynura segetum | Mice | Chen, Z.40 | 2011 | 30 g/kg | Daily for 30 d | Prevention of SOS with ligustrazine |
| Zhu, H.41 | 2011 | 30 g/kg | Daily for 30 d | Prevention of SOS with prednisone | ||
| Rats | Qiu, S.42 | 2018 | 3.75, 7.5, and 15 g/kg (3 groups) | Daily for 15 d | Identification of biomarkers and metabolic mechanisms in G. segetum hepatotoxicity | |
| Yu, X-z.43 | 2013 | 600 mg/kg | Daily for 3 w | MMP-9 expression in SOS | ||
| Radiotherapy | Cynomolgus monkeys | Yannam, G.44 | 2014 | 30, 36, 40, and 50 Gy hypofractionated (4 groups) | Daily for 5 d | Model characterization |
| Dogs | Shulman, H.45,a | 1987 | 9.2–16 Gy (TBI) ± 90–180 mg/m2 (L-PAM) ± 30, 60, 125, and 250 mg/kg (MCT) | Various | Model characterization | |
| FOLFOX | Mice | Robinson, S.46 | 2013 | 6 mg/kg (OX) + 50 mg/kg (5-FU) + 90 mg/kg (folinic acid) | Weekly for 5 w 5-FU and folinic acid 2 h after OX |
SOS pathogenesis and model characterization |
| Robinson, S.47 | 2013 | 6 mg/kg (OX) + 50 mg/kg (5-FU) + 90 mg/kg (folinic acid) | Weekly for 5 w 5-FU and folinic acid 2 h after OX |
Impact of CRLM on SOS severity after FOLFOX therapy | ||
| Rats | Park, S.27 | 2017 | 5 mg/kg (OX) + 20 mg/kg (5-FU) + 90 mg/kg (folinic acid) | Weekly for 7 w | Diagnosis and severity assessments of SOS using liver shear-wave velocity measured by ARFI elastography | |
| HSCT | Mice | Qiao, J.48 | 2015 | 7.5 Gy (TBI) + 5 × 106 (BM MNC) | Single-dose HSCT | Prevention of SOS using infusion of endothelial progenitor cells |
| Yeom, M.49 | 2015 | 10 mg iron dextran + 75 cGy/min (TBI) + 1 × 107 (BM MNC) + 5 × 106 (splenocytes) | Iron 5 d/w (consecutively) HSCT 4 h after TBI Single-dose HSCT |
Impact of secondary iron overload on post-HSCT SOS | ||
| Zeng, L.50 | 2013 | 7.5 Gy (TBI) + 5 × 106 (BM MNC) | HSCT 4 h after TBI Single-dose HSCT |
Model characterization |
5-FU, 5-fluorouracil; ARFI, acoustic radiation force impulse; BM MNC, bone marrow mononuclear cell; CRLM, colorectal liver metastases; FOLFOX, Folinic acid, Fluorouracil, Oxaliplatin; HSCT, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; L-PAM, l-phenylalanine mustard; MCT, monocrotaline; MMP-9, matrix metalloproteinase-9; OX, oxaliplatin; SOS, sinusoidal obstruction syndrome; TBI, total-body irradiation.
a
Used combined treatment of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and MCT.