Table 1.
Demographic, Clinical, Biochemical, Echocardiographic, Hemodynamic, Functional Status and HRQoL Data of Patients with Cirrhosis at Time of Inclusion Classified According to Grade of LVDD.
| Characteristics | Grade 1 LVDD N = 85 (1) |
Grade 2 LVDD N = 40 (2) |
Grade 3 LVDD N = 20 (3) |
P Value (1 vs 2) |
P Value (1 vs 3) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± standard deviation | |||||
| Age (years) | 52.3 ± 7.8 | 54.8 ± 8.2 | 51.8 ± 7.2 | 0.411 | 0.544 |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 22.4 ± 3.8 | 19.4 ± 2.8 | 20.3 ± 2.1 | 0.032 | 0.421 |
| Child-Pugh score | 9.0 ± 1.6 | 9.0 ± 1.8 | 10.1 ± 1.2 | 0.538 | 0.065 |
| MELD score | 13.1 ± 4.0 | 13.6 ± 4.1 | 16.6 ± 4.8 | 0.943 | 0.014 |
| MELD Na score | 15.9 ± 5.4 | 16.9 ± 5.9 | 19.4 ± 4.3 | 0.027 | 0.041 |
| Diabetes mellitus n (%) | 18 (21.1%) | 4 (10%) | 4 (20%) | 0.058 | 0.155 |
| Dyslipidemia n (%) | 23 (27%) | 5 (12.5%) | 4 (20%) | 0.047 | 0.344 |
| Smoking n (%) | 10 (11.7%) | 3 (7.5%) | 3 (15%) | 0.452 | 0.092 |
| Echocardiographic data | |||||
| Diastolic function | |||||
| e′, cm/sec | 8.3 ± 1.6 | 6.8 ± 1.6 | 6.8 ± 1.6 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| E/e′ ratio | 9.1 ± 1.2 | 11.1 ± 2.1 | 12.1 ± 2.5 | 0.010 | 0.020 |
| LA size cm | 4.0 ± 2.2 | 4.4 ± 2.8 | 4.8 ± 2.3 | 0.157 | 0.054 |
| DT ms | 228.1 ± 26.2 | 186.7 ± 32.1 | 179.7 ± 22.1 | 0.012 | 0.032 |
| RA size cm | 3.5 ± 0.35 | 3.6 ± 0.44 | 3.4 ± 0.74 | 0.074 | 0.031 |
| E/A ratio | 1.1 ± 0.36 | 0.9 ± 0.43 | 0.7 ± 0.43 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Systolic function | |||||
| LVEF, % | 55–60% | 55–60% | 55–60% | NS | NS |
| LVEDV, mL | 45.3 ± 6.3 | 45.9 ± 7.4 | 48.9 ± 7.4 | 0.274 | 0.042 |
| LVESV, mL | 23.9 ± 5.2 | 24.4 ± 5.5 | 26.4 ± 4.5 | 0.619 | 0.033 |
| Hemodynamic assessment and portal hepatic measurements | |||||
| MAP, mmHg | 89.6 ± 5.8 | 86.6 ± 6.2 | 82 ± 5.2 | 0.290 | 0.032 |
| HR, bpm | 85.3 ± 10.6 | 83.9 ± 12.4 | 92 ± 8.2 | 0.236 | 0.051 |
| RAP, mmHg | 4.0 ± 1.1 | 4.4 ± 1.2 | 4.8 ± 1.4 | 0.074 | 0.033 |
| PAP, mmHg | 15.7 ± 2.3 | 15.8 ± 3.2 | 13.8 ± 3.2 | 0.457 | 0.544 |
| PCWP, mmHg | 11.9 ± 2.1 | 11.9 ± 1.5 | 13.9 ± 2.5 | 0.962 | 0.352 |
| HVPG, mmHg | 15.7 ± 3.4 | 17.5 ± 4.0 | 17.9 ± 4.0 | 0.079 | 0.034 |
| CO, L/min | 6.3 ± 1.2 | 5.9 ± 1.1 | 5.5 ± 1.4 | 0.405 | 0.027 |
| HRQoLParameters | |||||
| NYHA Classification | |||||
| I | 55 (64.7%) | 24 (60.0%) | 12 (60.0%) | 0.433 | 0.346 |
| II | 27 (31.7%) | 16 (40.0%) | 8 (40.0%) | 0.344 | 0.452 |
| III | 3 (3.5%) | – | – | ||
| IV | – | – | – | ||
| MLHFQ score, (mean ± SD) | |||||
| Physical subscale | 22.40 ± 9.5 | 22.40 ± 9.5 | 32.40 ± 9.5 | 0.394 | 0.023 |
| Emotional subscale | 12.40 ± 8.8 | 15.40 ± 4.8 | 18.4 ± 5.8 | 0.037 | 0.044 |
| Total scale | 39.4 ± 12.2 | 51.8 ± 19.9 | 64.8 ± 21.9 | 0.012 | 0.002 |
Abbreviations for the table: CO, cardiac output; e′, early diastolic mitral annular velocity; E/A, early diastolic mitral inflow velocity/late diastolic; E/e′ ratio, E-wave transmitral/early diastolic mitral annular velocity; EF, ejection fraction; IVRT, isovolumic ventricular relaxation time; HR, heart Rate; HVPG, hepatic venous pressure gradient; ejection fraction; LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle; LVEDV, LV end diastolic volume; LVESV, LV end systolic volume; MAP, mean arterial pressure; MELD, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease; MLHFQ, Minnesota Living with Heart Failure questionnaire; NYHA New York Heart Association classification of heart failure symptoms. PAP, Pulmonary arterial pressure; RAP, right atrial pressure; PCWP, Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure.