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. 2019 Jul 17;9:10330. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-46720-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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In vivo hemocytic test in Tenebrio molitor showing ND passage through the cuticle. Insect hemocytes after injection (B,C) and topical application (E,F) of FITC-NDs (at a dose of 2 ng or 5 µg of FITC-NDs per insect, respectively). Control beetles received physiological solution through injection (A) or topically (D). Regardless of the route of FITC-NDs administration to the beetles, they were visible inside the cytoplasm of hemocytes as yellow-green aggregates (arrows). Hemocyte nuclei were stained with propidium iodide solution. Scale bars: 10 µm (A,B,D,E) and 2 µm (C,F).