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. 2019 Jul 17;9:10391. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-45024-2

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Photonic time-stretch analog-to-digital converter realized for recording the shape of electron bunches at high repetition rate. The electron bunch near-field is imprinted onto a chirped laser pulse, by using the Pockels effect in a gallium phosphide (GaP) crystal. The laser pulse is then further chirped in a long fiber, so that the modulation is slowed down to the nanosecond range, and can be recorded by an oscilloscope. Furthermore, an additional laser pulse which has not interacted with the electron bunch is used as “zero field” reference, and is subtracted from the signal by a balanced photodetector. Note that another reference laser pulse (not shown) is also recorded and used in the offline data processing (see Methods and Supplementary Material). Blue line: polarization-maintaining (PM) fiber, green lines: single-mode non- polarization maintaining (SM) fibers. YDFA: ytterbium-doped fiber amplifer, HWP: half-wave plate, QWP: quarter-wave plate, PBS: polarizing beam splitter. The GaP crystal is placed above the electron bunch trajectory. Only the free-space optics (along the dashed line) is located near/in the vacuum chamber, the rest (laser source, YDFA and downstream components) is located in a remote laboratory.