Table 5.
ENA and anti-dsDNA autoantibodies by lifetime pesticide use1.
| ANA Negative (N = 386) | ENA/anti-dsDNA (N = 15) | Age-adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)2 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | N | % | p-value | ||||
| ORGANOCHLORINE INSECTICIDES | ||||||||
| Cyclodienes | ||||||||
| Aldrin | 81 | 22 | 9 | 60 | 3.39 | (0.98, 11.7) | 0.054 | |
| Chlordane | 103 | 28 | 8 | 53 | 1.72 | (0.55, 5.36) | 0.350 | |
| Dieldrin | 31 | 8 | 5 | 33 | 3.29 | (0.88, 12.3) | 0.076 | |
| Heptachlor | 70 | 19 | 7 | 47 | 2.86 | (0.80, 10.2) | 0.106 | |
| Only one | 78 | 21 | 2 | 13 | 1.39 | (0.21, 9.08) | 0.729 | |
| 2 or more | 74 | 20 | 10 | 67 | 6.48 | (1.45, 29.0) | 0.015 | |
| Others | ||||||||
| DDT | 87 | 23 | 7 | 47 | 1.06 | (0.29, 3.84) | 0.934 | |
| Lindane | 110 | 29 | 8 | 53 | 2.27 | (0.77, 6.71) | 0.140 | |
| Toxaphene | 57 | 15 | 3 | 21 | 0.76 | (0.18, 3.19) | 0.708 | |
| One | 103 | 27 | 2 | 13 | 0.45 | (0.08, 2.41) | 0.352 | |
| 2 or more | 65 | 17 | 7 | 47 | 1.74 | (0.47, 6.43) | 0.403 | |
| OTHER INSECTICIDES | ||||||||
| Chlorpyrifos | 211 | 55 | 5 | 33 | 0.45 | (0.14, 1.39) | 0.166 | |
| Coumaphos | 39 | 10 | 1 | 7 | 0.57 | (0.07, 4.74) | 0.607 | |
| Diazinon | 112 | 29 | 6 | 40 | 1.20 | (0.39, 3.71) | 0.746 | |
| DDVP | 66 | 17 | 5 | 33 | 2.12 | (0.64, 7.01) | 0.218 | |
| Fonofos | 136 | 35 | 9 | 60 | 3.70 | (1.01, 13.5) | 0.048 | |
| Parathion | 53 | 14 | 3 | 20 | 0.88 | (0.22, 3.55) | 0.863 | |
| Malathion | 318 | 82 | 9 | 60 | 0.31 | (0.10, 0.95) | 0.041 | |
| Phorate | 158 | 41 | 9 | 60 | 2.63 | (0.70, 9.88) | 0.152 | |
| Terbufos | 212 | 55 | 10 | 67 | 3.32 | (0.87, 12.6) | 0.078 | |
| Carbofuran | 144 | 37 | 14 | 93 | 30.0 | (3.59, 251) | 0.002 | |
| Carbaryl | 204 | 53 | 10 | 67 | 1.41 | (0.44, 4.55) | 0.562 | |
| Aldicarb | 20 | 5 | 3 | 20 | 5.28 | (0.95, 29.5) | 0.058 | |
| Permethrin | 145 | 38 | 3 | 20 | 0.41 | (0.11, 1.56) | 0.190 | |
| HERBICIDES | ||||||||
| 2, 4-D | 338 | 88 | 14 | 93 | 1.77 | (0.21, 15.2) | 0.604 | |
| 2, 4, 5-T | 102 | 26 | 7 | 47 | 1.47 | (0.47, 4.63) | 0.512 | |
| Atrazine | 331 | 86 | 14 | 93 | 2.44 | (0.28, 21.4) | 0.421 | |
| Cyanazine | 207 | 54 | 12 | 80 | 5.34 | (1.12, 25.4) | 0.035 | |
| Metribuzin | 209 | 54 | 9 | 60 | 1.21 | (0.37, 3.89) | 0.754 | |
| Chlorimuron ethyl | 150 | 39 | 7 | 47 | 1.23 | (0.41, 3.67) | 0.713 | |
| Metolachlor | 221 | 57 | 9 | 60 | 1.20 | (0.39, 3.66) | 0.745 | |
| Alachlor | 247 | 64 | 10 | 67 | 1.47 | (0.44, 4.96) | 0.532 | |
| EPTC | 82 | 21 | 5 | 33 | 2.42 | (0.73, 8.06) | 0.149 | |
| Trifluralin | 208 | 54 | 9 | 60 | 1.09 | (0.35, 3.42) | 0.882 | |
| Butylate | 190 | 49 | 9 | 60 | 1.77 | (0.56, 5.60) | 0.330 | |
| Imazethapyr | 178 | 46 | 9 | 60 | 3.02 | (0.79, 11.6) | 0.107 | |
| Dicamba | 268 | 69 | 11 | 73 | 1.78 | (0.37, 8.55) | 0.474 | |
| Paraquat | 87 | 23 | 4 | 27 | 0.95 | (0.27, 3.31) | 0.941 | |
| Glyphosate | 353 | 92 | 12 | 80 | 0.41 | (0.10, 1.65) | 0.209 | |
| Pendimethalin | 193 | 50 | 9 | 60 | 2.02 | (0.66, 6.24) | 0.220 | |
| Petroleum_oil | 204 | 53 | 10 | 67 | 1.82 | (0.56, 5.90) | 0.321 | |
| FUNGICIDES, FUMIGANTS | ||||||||
| Benomyl | 26 | 7 | 3 | 20 | 1.92 | (0.42, 8.73) | 0.397 | |
| Captan | 53 | 14 | 3 | 20 | 1.61 | (0.42, 6.18) | 0.489 | |
| Metalaxyl | 74 | 19 | 5 | 33 | 1.74 | (0.52, 5.88) | 0.372 | |
| Methyl bromide | 25 | 6 | 3 | 20 | 16.6 | (0.92, 299) | 0.057 | |
| Aluminum Phosphide | 23 | 6 | 2 | 13 | 2.20 | (0.44, 11.0) | 0.337 | |
| Ethylene Dibromide | 13 | 3 | 3 | 20 | 5.07 | (1.10, 23.4) | 0.038 | |
ENA (Extractable Nuclear Antigens) measured on those ANA read as 3 or 4+ at 1:80 dilution; ANA Negative = none detected at 1:80 dilution.
1
Reported ever use at AHS enrollment (1993–1997) based on list of 50 specific pesticides, with updated use throughout follow-up and BEEA enrollment.
2
Odds Ratios (ORs) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) were calculated by multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for age at interview.