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. 2019 Jul 11;10:1476. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01476

Table 5.

ENA and anti-dsDNA autoantibodies by lifetime pesticide use1.

ANA Negative (N = 386) ENA/anti-dsDNA (N = 15) Age-adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)2
N % N % p-value
ORGANOCHLORINE INSECTICIDES
Cyclodienes
Aldrin 81 22 9 60 3.39 (0.98, 11.7) 0.054
Chlordane 103 28 8 53 1.72 (0.55, 5.36) 0.350
Dieldrin 31 8 5 33 3.29 (0.88, 12.3) 0.076
Heptachlor 70 19 7 47 2.86 (0.80, 10.2) 0.106
Only one 78 21 2 13 1.39 (0.21, 9.08) 0.729
2 or more 74 20 10 67 6.48 (1.45, 29.0) 0.015
Others
DDT 87 23 7 47 1.06 (0.29, 3.84) 0.934
Lindane 110 29 8 53 2.27 (0.77, 6.71) 0.140
Toxaphene 57 15 3 21 0.76 (0.18, 3.19) 0.708
One 103 27 2 13 0.45 (0.08, 2.41) 0.352
2 or more 65 17 7 47 1.74 (0.47, 6.43) 0.403
OTHER INSECTICIDES
Chlorpyrifos 211 55 5 33 0.45 (0.14, 1.39) 0.166
Coumaphos 39 10 1 7 0.57 (0.07, 4.74) 0.607
Diazinon 112 29 6 40 1.20 (0.39, 3.71) 0.746
DDVP 66 17 5 33 2.12 (0.64, 7.01) 0.218
Fonofos 136 35 9 60 3.70 (1.01, 13.5) 0.048
Parathion 53 14 3 20 0.88 (0.22, 3.55) 0.863
Malathion 318 82 9 60 0.31 (0.10, 0.95) 0.041
Phorate 158 41 9 60 2.63 (0.70, 9.88) 0.152
Terbufos 212 55 10 67 3.32 (0.87, 12.6) 0.078
Carbofuran 144 37 14 93 30.0 (3.59, 251) 0.002
Carbaryl 204 53 10 67 1.41 (0.44, 4.55) 0.562
Aldicarb 20 5 3 20 5.28 (0.95, 29.5) 0.058
Permethrin 145 38 3 20 0.41 (0.11, 1.56) 0.190
HERBICIDES
2, 4-D 338 88 14 93 1.77 (0.21, 15.2) 0.604
2, 4, 5-T 102 26 7 47 1.47 (0.47, 4.63) 0.512
Atrazine 331 86 14 93 2.44 (0.28, 21.4) 0.421
Cyanazine 207 54 12 80 5.34 (1.12, 25.4) 0.035
Metribuzin 209 54 9 60 1.21 (0.37, 3.89) 0.754
Chlorimuron ethyl 150 39 7 47 1.23 (0.41, 3.67) 0.713
Metolachlor 221 57 9 60 1.20 (0.39, 3.66) 0.745
Alachlor 247 64 10 67 1.47 (0.44, 4.96) 0.532
EPTC 82 21 5 33 2.42 (0.73, 8.06) 0.149
Trifluralin 208 54 9 60 1.09 (0.35, 3.42) 0.882
Butylate 190 49 9 60 1.77 (0.56, 5.60) 0.330
Imazethapyr 178 46 9 60 3.02 (0.79, 11.6) 0.107
Dicamba 268 69 11 73 1.78 (0.37, 8.55) 0.474
Paraquat 87 23 4 27 0.95 (0.27, 3.31) 0.941
Glyphosate 353 92 12 80 0.41 (0.10, 1.65) 0.209
Pendimethalin 193 50 9 60 2.02 (0.66, 6.24) 0.220
Petroleum_oil 204 53 10 67 1.82 (0.56, 5.90) 0.321
FUNGICIDES, FUMIGANTS
Benomyl 26 7 3 20 1.92 (0.42, 8.73) 0.397
Captan 53 14 3 20 1.61 (0.42, 6.18) 0.489
Metalaxyl 74 19 5 33 1.74 (0.52, 5.88) 0.372
Methyl bromide 25 6 3 20 16.6 (0.92, 299) 0.057
Aluminum Phosphide 23 6 2 13 2.20 (0.44, 11.0) 0.337
Ethylene Dibromide 13 3 3 20 5.07 (1.10, 23.4) 0.038

ENA (Extractable Nuclear Antigens) measured on those ANA read as 3 or 4+ at 1:80 dilution; ANA Negative = none detected at 1:80 dilution.

1

Reported ever use at AHS enrollment (1993–1997) based on list of 50 specific pesticides, with updated use throughout follow-up and BEEA enrollment.

2

Odds Ratios (ORs) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) were calculated by multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for age at interview.