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. 2019 Jul 17;17:76. doi: 10.1186/s12964-019-0382-y

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© The Author(s). 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 2 — WWOX inhibits cell proliferation and migration. a MEF cells were seeded on a 24-well plate and cultured for indicated periods. Live cell numbers were counted using a hemocytometer. b Wwox knockout MEF cells had a higher proliferation rate than wild type cells during culturing for 48 h (Mean ± S.D., n = 3, Student’s t test, p < 0.05). c Wwox^−/− and Wwox^+/− MEF cells migrated significantly faster than wild type Wwox^+/+ cells (n = 3, Student’s t test). d Wild type cells migrated collectively, while WWOX-deficient cells migrated individually (see Additional file 2: Video S1 and Additional file 3: Video S2). e, f Breast MDA-MB-231 cancer cells were transfected with the indicated constructs by electroporation. Transiently overexpressed WWOX suppressed cell migration, whereas dnWWOX and WWOX siRNA constructs enhanced the migration. Dn: dominant negative; WWOXww: WW domain of WWOX; Scram: scramble control; WWOXsi#1 and #2: siRNAs targeting human/murine WWOX (n = 3, Student’s t test) [47]. g, h During treatment for 48 h, TGF-β1 promoted wild type cell migration, but suppressed Wwox knockout cell migration in a dose-dependent manner (n = 3, Student’s t test). i. Both TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 promoted wild type MEF cell migration during treatment for 48 h. TGF-β2 is more effective in suppressing Wwox knockout cell migration than TGF-β1 (n = 3, Student’s t test)