Table 1.
Characteristics of households, mothers and children at baseline and endline
| Area 1: Control | Area 2: PLA and home visits | Area 3: Crèches, PLA and home visits | p value for differences between areas baseline | p value for differences between areas at endline | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Endline | Baseline | Endline | Baseline | Endline | |||
| N = 1263 | N = 1130 | N = 1245 | N = 1256 | N = 1360 | N = 1177 | |||
| Household characteristics, n (%) | ||||||||
| Household owns agricultural land | 987 (78.2) | 912 (80.7) | 1117 (89.7) | 1112 (88.5) | 1271 (93.4) | 1077 (91.5) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Household wealth quintile, n (%) | ||||||||
| Richest | 295 (23.4) | 281 (24.9) | 213 (17.1) | 286 (22.8) | 226 (16.6) | 181 (15.4) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Second richest | 203 (16.1) | 221 (19.6) | 253 (20.3) | 270 (21.5) | 270 (19.9) | 255 (21.7) | ||
| Middle | 197 (15.6) | 204 (18.1) | 251 (20.2) | 277 (22.1) | 255 (18.8) | 304 (25.8) | ||
| Second poorest | 249 (19.7) | 143 (12.7) | 232 (18.6) | 219 (17.4) | 281 (20.7) | 248 (21.1) | ||
| Poorest | 319 (25.3) | 281 (24.9) | 296 (23.8) | 204 (16.4) | 328 (24.1) | 189 (16.1) | ||
| Has improved source of drinking water, n (%) a | 906 (71.7) | 849 (75.1) | 918 (73.7) | 911 (72.5) | 968 (71.2) | 863 (73.3) | 0.316 | 0.341 |
| Main source of family’s staple food, n (%) | ||||||||
| Own production | 820 (64.9) | 532 (47.1) | 884 (71.0) | 730 (58.1) | 908 (66.8) | 714 (60.7) | 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Purchased from regular shop | 368 (29.1) | 420 (37.2) | 301 (24.2) | 420 (33.4) | 352 (25.9) | 321 (27.3) | ||
| Purchased from ration shop | 73 (5.8) | 174 (15.3) | 53 (4.3) | 95 (7.6) | 95 (7.6) | 137 (11.6) | ||
| Borrowed, bartered, exchanged | 2 (0.2) | 4 (0.3) | 7 (0.6) | 11 (0.9) | 4 (0.3) | 5 (0.4) | ||
| Household has a MNREGAb job card | 687 (54.4) | 539 (47.7) | 800 (64.3) | 755 (60.1) | 972 (71.5) | 756 (64.2) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Maternal characteristics | ||||||||
| Tribe or Caste, n (%) | ||||||||
| Scheduled Tribe | 774 (61.3) | 757 (67.0) | 857 (68.8) | 942 (75.1) | 1128 (82.9) | 978 (83.1) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Scheduled Caste | 57 (4.5) | 33 (2.9) | 34 (2.7) | 21 (1.7) | 62 (4.5) | 37 (3.1) | ||
| Other Backward Caste | 407 (32.2) | 322 (28.5) | 337 (27.1) | 291 (23.2) | 161 (11.8) | 159 (13.5) | ||
| None of the above | 25 (2.0) | 18 (1.6) | 17 (1.4) | 1 (0.1) | 9 (0.7) | 3 (0.3) | ||
| Mother has ever been to school | 722 (57.2) | 684 (60.5) | 672 (54.0) | 683 (54.4) | 736 (54.1) | 593 (50.4) | 0.188 | < 0.001 |
| Child characteristics | ||||||||
| Age in months, mean (SD) | 20.0 (9.2) | 19.0 (9.3) | 20.0 (9.8) | 18.4 (9.2) | 19.0 (9.5) | 18.9 (9.4) | 0.017 | 0.242 |
| Sex, n (%) | ||||||||
| Female | 615 (45.2) | 579 (49.2) | 608 (48.8) | 607 (48.3) | 615 (48.7) | 533 (47.2) | ||
| Male | 745 (54.8) | 598 (50.8) | 637 (51.2) | 597 (52.8) | 648 (51.3) | 597 (52.8) | 0.108 | 0.621 |
a Tubewell or handpump
b Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act