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. 2019 Jul 17;8:174. doi: 10.1186/s13643-019-1082-9

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© The Author(s). 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 3 — Forest plot based on the full sample. NB. The 28 articles in the full sample contain 31 unique associations between DEE and bladder cancer. I² = 43.6%, p = 0.006. E = Expected number of cases, O = Observed number of cases ES = Effect Size