Table 1.

Baseline characteristics in never-users and ever-users of human insulin.

	Human insulin
Variables	Never-users		Ever-users		P
	n	%	n	%
n = 1,007,617	850,897		156,720
Age (years)
<40	38,124	4.48	8,351	5.33	<0.0001
40–49	126,225	14.83	17,893	11.42
50–59	221,198	26.00	34,623	22.09
60–69	231,590	27.22	45,455	29.00
≥70	233,760	27.47	50,398	32.16
Male sex	425,413	50.00	72,288	46.13	<0.0001
Diabetes duration (years)
<1	80,529	9.46	4,173	2.66	<0.0001
1–3	160,774	18.89	11,447	7.30
3–5	163,043	19.16	16,812	10.73
≥5	446,551	52.48	124,288	79.31
Nephropathy	80,013	9.40	45,538	29.06	<0.0001
Urinary tract disease	144,668	17.00	64,407	41.10	<0.0001
Hypertension	437,205	51.38	111,952	71.43	<0.0001
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	103,867	12.21	40,981	26.15	<0.0001
Stroke	102,282	12.02	44,623	28.47	<0.0001
Ischemic heart disease	167,238	19.65	59,407	37.91	<0.0001
Peripheral arterial disease	81,889	9.62	40,005	25.53	<0.0001
Eye disease	46,793	5.50	36,093	23.03	<0.0001
Dyslipidemia	353,015	41.49	80,229	51.19	<0.0001
Congestive heart failure	43,318	5.09	23,155	14.77	<0.0001
Pioglitazone	18,083	2.13	7,938	5.07	<0.0001
Rosiglitazone	73,876	8.68	37,256	23.77	<0.0001
Sulfonylurea	626,050	73.58	143,176	91.36	<0.0001
Meglitinide	54,731	6.43	27,393	17.48	<0.0001
Metformin	525,367	61.74	137,423	87.69	<0.0001
Acarbose	65,988	7.76	33,249	21.22	<0.0001
Statin	176,414	20.73	50,220	32.04	<0.0001
Fibrate	156,741	18.42	44,134	28.16	<0.0001
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker	329,976	38.78	98,792	63.04	<0.0001
Calcium channel blocker	244,278	28.71	78,510	50.10	<0.0001
Aspirin	212,487	24.97	72,136	46.03	<0.0001
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs	499,863	58.75	136,735	87.25	<0.0001
Other cancer prior to baseline	78,362	9.21	18,784	11.99	<0.0001
Outpatient visits/year	12.34	25.79	17.50	20.60	<0.0001

Outpatient visits/year is expressed as mean and standard deviation.