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. 2019 Jul 11;10:1402. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01402

Figure 3.

Figure 3

A proposal model outlining c-di-GMP signaling regulation of virulence expression in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae. c-di-GMP is a ubiquitous, bacterial second messenger that regulates phenotypes including virulence, EPS production, biofilm formation, motility, and adaptation. c-di-GMP is produced by DGCs GdpX1 and DgcA, and degraded by PDEs PdeR, EdpX1, VieAxoo, RpfGxoo, and HGdpX3. PdeK/PdeR, TriK/TriP, and RpfCxoo/RpfGxoo are 3 pairs of the histidine kinase/response regulator of two component systems (TCSs). c-di-GMP is sensed by receptor proteins Filp, PilZX1, PilZX2, and Clpxoo. Particularly, Filp interacts with PilZX3 for c-di-GMP binding and downstream regulation. Signal receptor and effector proteins then interact with the downstream target proteins or genes to affect a particular cellular function and phenotype, including bacterial virulence, EPS production, biofilm formation, motility, and adaptation at the transcription, post-translation and protein-protein interaction levels.