. 2019 Jul 11;6:108. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00108

Table 1.

Average contents of polyamines in breast milk and infant formula.

	Putrescine nmol/ml	Spermidine nmol/ml	Spermine nmol/ml	References
Full-term breast milk	0.896	3.849	3.440	(26)^a
	0.615	3.512	4.490	(56)^b
	0.238	2.196	3.128	(27)
	0.030	0.124	0.104	(31)^b
	0.851¹	4.138¹	1.596¹	(11)^a
	0.726²	3.470²	1.463²
	0.824	4.578	1.735	(25)^c
	0.658	3.993	4.077	(57)
	0.204	3.520	5.080	(5)^b
Range	0.030–896	0.124–4.578	0.104–5.080
Pre-term breast milk	0.058	0.462	0.302	(31)^b
	1.655	6.151	1.677	(25)^c
First formula	14.300	0.186	0.129	(26)
	0.018	0.187	nd	(56)
	0.374	0.912	0.675	(27)
	3.880	2.265	0.363	(25)
	3.596	0.516	0.302	(57)
	10.323	6.933	7.339	(58)
Range	0.018–14.300	0.186–6.933	0.129–7.339
Follow-on formula	12.796	0.138	0.158	(26)
	0.263	1.198	0.458	(27)
	5.349	2.382	0.363	(25)
	7.533	4.241	6.227	(58)
Range	0.263–12.796	0.138–4.241	0.158–6.227
Pre-term formula	1.057	0.215	0.172	(56)
	15.451	4.331	0.623	(25)

Milk from mothers of normal weight.

Milk from obese mothers.

Breast milk 2 months postpartum.

Breast milk 1 month postpartum

Breast milk 1 week postpartum.

nd, not detected.