Table 2.

Phytophthora cinnamomi proteins involved in the initiation of plant infection.

P. cinnamomi gene name*	Homologues used for blast query	Protein description and proposed function	References
Zoospore motility, chemotaxis and encystment
PHYCI_551329	P. cinnamomi PcDLC1 ADI77080.1	Dynein light chain 1 is a leucine‐rich repeat protein that is a component of the flagellar outer dynein arm Silencing > inhibits flagella assembly	Narayan et al. (2010)
PHYCI_78591	P. cinnamomi PcRSP6	Flagellar radial spoke protein 6. Occurs along the length of the flagella	Narayan (2004)
PHYCI_79928 PHYCI_71401	P. parasitica PnCen1 PPTG_05358 PnCen2 PPTG_12273	Centrin is a 20‐kDa protein that occurs within the flagella and a connecting band between the two basal bodies and in an anterior flagellar root	Harper et al. (1995)
PHYCI_207361	P. infestans Pigpa1 PITG_03162 P. sojae PsGPA1 PHYSO_323786	G‐protein α‐subunit Silencing > disrupts zoospore motility, inhibits chemotaxis, negative geotaxis and auto‐aggregation and induces encystment; reduces virulence	Hua et al. (2008); Latijnhouwers et al. (2004)
PHYCI_232701	P. sojae PsHint1 PHYSO_494520	Histidine triad domain‐containing protein that interacts with PsGPA1 Silencing > inhibits chemotaxis and induces encystment; reduces virulence	Zhang et al. (2016)
PHYCI_91218 †	P. infestans PiGK4 PITG_05519	G‐protein‐coupled receptor with a C‐terminal phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PIP) kinase domain Silencing of P. sojae PsGK4 (PHYSO_286453) > inhibits chemotaxis and induces encystment	Yang et al. (2013)
PHYCI_95800	P. sojae PsGPR11 PHYSO_352568	G‐protein‐coupled receptor which does not interact with PsGPA1 Silencing > no effect on chemotaxis, but induces encystment; reduces virulence	Wang et al. (2010)
PHYCI_92931	P. sojae PsSAK1 PHYSO_545105	Mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) Silencing > induces encystment; reduces virulence	Li et al. (2010)
Cyst adhesion, protection and germination; germling growth; appressorium formation
PHYCI_1255 PHYCI_208606	P. cinnamomi PcVsv1 AAX84973.1	220‐kDa protein stored in small ventral vesicles in zoospores and secreted during encystment. PcVsv1 contains 47 copies of a thrombospondin Type I repeat motif, a domain occurring in adhesive proteins. PcVsv1 expression is induced during asexual sporulation	Robold and Hardham (2005)
PHYCI_310810 PHYCI_80900 PHYCI_7831 PHYCI_300556 PHYCI_85845	P. cinnamomi 1PcLpv, partial AAK27342.1 AAK27345.1	DNA, RNA and immunoblots show the presence of three PcLpv genes that encode three 11–14‐kb transcripts and three 500–600‐kDa proteins. Five annotated genes in the P. cinnamomi genome with homology to cloned PcLpv genes encode proteins <54 kDa; the two largest contain long regions of undetermined sequence. PcLpv expression is up‐regulated during sporulation. PcLpv is stored in large peripheral vesicles, is not secreted during encystment and is degraded during germling growth	Gubler and Hardham (1988, 1990); Marshall et al. (2001a)
3PHYCI_95662	P. parasitica PnCcp PPTG_01661	12‐kDa protein stored within large peripheral vesicles in zoospores and secreted during encystment. Gene expression is up‐regulated in sporulating hyphae and zoospores	Škalamera and Hardham (2006); Zhang et al. (2013)
PHYCI_91218 PHYCI_481282 PHYCI_376712 PHYCI_277748 PHYCI_269807 PHYCI_212799 PHYCI_105008 PHYCI_285878 PHYCI_291554 PHYCI_260267 PHYCI_97820 PHYCI_3455 PHYCI_105811	P. infestans PiGK4 PITG_05519 P. sojae PsGK4 PHYSO_286453	G‐protein‐coupled receptor with C‐terminal PIP kinase domain Silencing of PsGK4 and PiGK4 > inhibits cyst germination	Hua et al. (2013); Yang et al. (2013)
PHYCI_95800 PHYCI_89253 PHYCI_91364	P. sojae PsGPR11 PHYSO_352568	G‐protein‐coupled receptor which does not interact with PsGPA1 Silencing > inhibits cyst germination; reduces virulence	Wang et al. (2010)
PHYCI_207361	P. sojae PsGPA1 PHYSO_323786	G‐protein α‐subunit. Single copy gene Silencing > inhibits cyst germination; reduces virulence	Hua et al. (2008)
PHYCI_232701	P. sojae PsHint1 PHYSO_494520	Histidine triad domain‐containing protein that interacts with PsGPA1 Silencing > inhibits cyst germination; causes branched germ tubes; inhibits hyphal extension	Zhang et al. (2016)
PHYCI_92931	P. sojae PsSAK1 ACJ09358	MAPK Silencing > inhibits cyst germination and appressorium formation; reduces virulence	Li et al. (2010)
PHYCI_243332	P. sojae PsMYB1 PHYSO_351786	Myb transcription factor whose transcript levels are decreased in PsSAK1‐silenced mutants. Transcription of PsMYB1 increased in germinating cysts and early infection Silencing > inhibits cyst germination; reduces virulence	Zhang et al. (2012)
PHYCI_257808 PHYCI_461512	P. infestans PiNIFC1–3 PITG_11238, PITG_11237, PITG_11239	NIF proteins interact with nuclear LIM transcription factors to regulate gene expression. Three of four PiNIF genes are expressed during zoosporogenesis Silencing > inhibits cyst germination by 60%	Judelson and Tani (2007); Tani et al. (2005)
PHYCI_112968	P. sojae PsMPK7 PHYSO_355777	Stress‐associated MAPK which is up‐regulated in zoospores, cysts and germinating cysts Silencing > abnormal germ tubes; swelling of the hyphal apex; reduces virulence	Gao et al. (2015)
PHYCI_91649	P. sojae PsVPS1 PHYSO_562318	Dynamin‐related vacuolar sorting protein that mediates budding of clathrin‐coated vesicles from the late Golgi apparatus Silencing > induces apical swelling and branching of germ tubes and reduces hyphal growth; reduces virulence	Li et al. (2013)
PHYCI_327508 PHYCI_253325 PHYCI_253304 ‡	P. parasitica PPMUCL1 PPTG_17796	Mucin‐like proteins. High‐molecular‐weight secreted glycoproteins found in biofilms produced by germinated cysts. Biofilm mucins may provide protection against desiccation	Larousse et al. (2014)
PHYCI_196387 §	P. infestans PITG_23049 P. parasitica PPTG_13017	P. infestans Car90 (cyst germination‐specific acidic repeat) protein which is expressed in germinating cysts and during appressorium formation. Car proteins contain an octapeptide tandem repeat found in mammalian mucins	Görnhardt et al. (2000)
PHYCI_232811	P. infestans Pi‐ts1 PITG_13139	Threonine synthase. Increased gene expression in germinated cysts with appressoria	Grenville‐Briggs et al. (2005)
PHYCI_306811	P. infestans Pi‐met1 PITG_01072	Methionine synthase. Increased gene expression in germinated cysts with appressoria	Grenville‐Briggs et al. (2005)
PHYCI_96428	P. infestans Pi‐kari1 PITG_02925	Ketol‐acid reductoisomerase. Increased gene expression in germinated cysts with appressoria	Grenville‐Briggs et al. (2005)
PHYCI_111395	P. infestans Pi‐als1 PITG_03410	Acetolactate synthase. Increased gene expression in germinated cysts with appressoria	Grenville‐Briggs et al. (2005)
PHYCI_95137	P. infestans Pi‐trp1 PITG_00221	Tryptophan synthase. Increased gene expression in germinated cysts with appressoria	Grenville‐Briggs et al. (2005)
Plant colonization – hyphal growth, haustoria formation
PHYCI_137521	P. ramorum PSURA_75613.1 P. parasitica PPTG_16290.1	Mucin or mucin‐like protein isolated from P. ramorum mycelial cell walls. It has homology to the P. infestans Car mucins. PSURA_75613.1 has a transmembrane (TM) domain	Larousse et al. (2014); Meijer et al. (2006)
PHYCI_111888 PHYCI_202815	P. ramorum PSURA_83136 P. parasitica PPTG_17896.1	Mucin or mucin‐like protein isolated from P. ramorum mycelial cell walls with homology to the P. infestans Car mucins	Larousse et al. (2014); Meijer et al. (2006)
PHYCI_115477	P. ramorum PSURA_80868.1 P. parasitica PPTG_13138.1	Mucin or mucin‐like protein isolated from P. ramorum mycelial cell walls with homology to the P. infestans Car mucins	Larousse et al. (2014); Meijer et al. (2006)
PHYCI_218680 PHYCI_271751	P. ramorum PSURA_75750 P. parasitica PPTG_01865.1	Mucin or mucin‐like protein isolated from P. ramorum mycelial cell walls. It has homology to the P. infestans Car mucins. PSURA_75750.1 has a TM domain	Larousse et al. (2014); Meijer et al. (2006); Reitmann et al. (2016)
PHYCI_88279	P. parasitica PpPDI1 PPTG_18309	Secreted protein disulfide isomerase that induces cell death Over‐expression of GFP‐PpPDI1 > enhances haustoria formation; increases virulence	Meng et al. (2015)

*Accession number in FungiDB.

^†Additional PiGK4 homologues are listed in the cyst germination section.

^‡These are the top three P. cinnamomi genes homologous to PPMUCL1 in table S3 in Larousse et al. (2014).

^§The P. cinnamomi gene sequence with the closest homology to PITG_23049. The sequence is only 88 amino acids in length and the comparison yields an E‐value of 2e⁻³⁴. PHYCI_196387 is not included in the list of 60 P. cinnamomi mucin genes with homology to PPMUCL1 in table S3 in Larousse et al. (2014).