Detection of gene transcripts by in situ hybridization that encode genes with unknown predicted function of Pratylenchus penetrans. (A–H) Pioneer candidate effectors localized within the oesophageal glands (Ppen11402_c0_seq1, Ppen8004_c0_seq1, Ppen7984_c0_seq1, Ppen16605_c0_seq1, Ppen12016_c0_seq1, Ppen10370_c0_seq1, Ppen11230_c0_seq1, Ppen15066_c0_seq1). (I) Amphids (Ppen13578_c0_seq1). (J, K) Hypodermis (Ppen9159_c0_seq1 and Ppen16557_c0_seq1). (L) Excretory/secretory duct (Ppen16416_c0_seq1). a, amphids; ed, excretory duct; g, oesophageal glands; h, hypodermis; m, medium bulb; s, stylet. Bars, 20 µm.