Figure 4.

Expression profile of Ustilago hordei effector candidates in axenic culture (AC) and in planta. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) was performed to assess the expression profiles of the 16 U. hordei effector candidates. Expression levels were normalized using the U. hordei peptidylprolyl isomerase (Ppi) gene. A one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed. Significant differences compared with axenic culture are shown with an asterisk (*P<0.05). Error bars represent the standard deviation of three biological replicates.