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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Int J Data Sci Anal. 2018 Jan 19;6(1):47–62. doi: 10.1007/s41060-017-0094-6

Fig. 1:

Fig. 1:

A dataset in (a) subjected to selection bias according to X2 in the DAG in (b). In (a), we can only view the samples in blue in practice. The dataset in (c) is the same dataset in (a) but with some missing values. The variable in pink is subject to selection bias according to X2 and X5 as in (d) due to the missing values, while the to X2 and X5 as in (d) due to the missing values, while the variable in green is subject only to X2 as in (b).