Table 3. Metabolic profile comparison between normal ALT and high ALT groups following sex stratification.
| Men (N = 149) | Women (N = 124) | Men vs. Women p-value |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal ALT (< 25 U/L) n = 61 |
High ALT (≥ 25 U/L) n = 88 |
p-value | Normal ALT (< 25 U/L) n = 106 |
High ALT (≥ 25 U/L) n = 18 |
p-value | Normal ALT (< 25 U/L) | High ALT (≥ 25 U/L) | |
| Age (years) | 24.7 ± 7.1 | 26.7 ± 8.2 | 0.123 | 25.3 ± 8.6 | 27.3 ± 7.2 | 0.352 | 0.639 | 0.770 |
| ALT (U/L) | 18.3 ± 3.6 | 37.5 ± 14.9 | < 0.001 | 16.6 ± 4.2 | 40.4 ± 21.3 | < 0.001 | 0.009 | 0.484 |
| CFRD (%) | 5 (8.2) | 18 (20.5) | 0.042* | 13 (12.3) | 3 (16.7) | 0.606* | 0.417 | 0.717 |
| Glucose tolerance group | 0.244* | 0.660* | 0.417 | 0.717 | ||||
| NGT (N/%) | 27 (44.3) | 33 (37.5) | 44 (41.5) | 5 (27.8) | ||||
| IGT (N/%) | 16 (26.2) | 20 (22.7) | 35 (33.0) | 8 (44.4) | ||||
| INDET (N/%) | 13 (21.3) | 17 (19.3) | 14 (13.2) | 2 (11.1) | ||||
| CFRD (N/%) | 5 (8.2) | 18 (20.5) | 13 (12.3) | 3 (16.7) | ||||
| Pancreatic enzymes (%) | 78.3 | 88.5 | 0.095 | 73.6 | 72.2 | 0.904 | 0.496 | 0.072 |
| FEV1 (%) | 72.5 ± 24.0 | 75.3 ± 21.3 | 0.467 | 72.8 ± 20.7 | 75.3 ± 20.9 | 0.633 | 0.947 | 0.997 |
| Weight (kg) | 61.5 ± 9.1 | 68.3 ± 10.6 | < 0.001 | 54.3 ± 8.4 | 55.8 ± 8.4 | 0.473 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.0 ± 2.3 | 23.2 ± 3.0 | < 0.001 | 21.0 ± 2.8 | 22.4 ± 3.3 | 0.067 | 0.897 | 0.328 |
| Fat mass (%) | 12.3 ± 4.1 | 16.8 ± 6.3 | < 0.001 | 23.4 ± 7.0 | 25.6 ± 8.4 | 0.225 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| OGTT glucose measure (mmol/L) | ||||||||
| T0 min | 5.6 ± 0.7 | 5.8 ± 1.0 | 0.090 | 5.2 ± 0.6 | 5.2 ± 0.5 | 0.915 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| T30 min | 9.8 ± 1.9 | 10.3 ± 2.2 | 0.124 | 9.0 ± 1.8 | 8.9 ± 1.7 | 0.965 | 0.004 | 0.014 |
| T60 min | 10.9 ± 2.6 | 12.4 ± 3.8 | 0.005 | 10.5 ± 2.6 | 11.3 ± 2.1 | 0.238 | 0.437 | 0.113 |
| T90 min | 8.8 ± 2.8 | 11.1 ± 4.5 | < 0.001 | 9.3 ± 2.8 | 10.5 ± 2.6 | 0.088 | 0.260 | 0.588 |
| T120 min | 7.2 ± 2.7 | 8.6 ± 4.0 | 0.014 | 7.8 ± 2.9 | 8.8 ± 2.4 | 0.132 | 0.227 | 0.730 |
| AUC0-120min | 1074.6 ± 211.9 | 1229.6 ± 361.2 | 0.001 | 1056.5 ± 233.8 | 1132.3 ± 187.9 | 0.195 | 0.619 | 0.104 |
| OGTT insulin measure (μU/mL) | ||||||||
| T0 min | 9.9 ± 5.4 | 10.8 ± 5.4 | 0.387 | 11.2 ± 5.1 | 9.2 ± 2.9 | 0.122 | 0.167 | 0.248 |
| T30 min | 29.8 ± 21.6 | 33.4 ± 25.5 | 0.412 | 36.8 ± 21.4 | 29.1 ± 15.6 | 0.156 | 0.061 | 0.507 |
| T60 min | 50.4 ± 41.4 | 49.5 ± 35.1 | 0.894 | 61.1 ± 41.0 | 50.7 ± 28.5 | 0.322 | 0.136 | 0.889 |
| T 90 min | 52.6 ± 30.1 | 52.0 ± 35.7 | 0.918 | 69.2 ± 46.0 | 58.0 ± 30.0 | 0.353 | 0.023 | 0.529 |
| T120 min | 41.4 ± 28.0 | 43.0 ± 33.8 | 0.786 | 63.3 ± 44.2 | 58.0 ± 38.2 | 0.648 | 0.002 | 0.108 |
| AUC0-120min | 4755.4 ± 2804.0 | 4853.5 ± 3091.8 | 0.855 | 6044.2 ± 3515.5 | 5119.5 ± 2514.0 | 0.302 | 0.024 | 0.741 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.6 ± 0.6 | 5.8 ± 0.7 | 0.041 | 5.7 ± 0.5 | 5.9 ± 0.4 | 0.056 | 0.471 | 0.632 |
| Insulin sensitivity (Stumvoll index) | 0.082 ± 0.023 | 0.072 ± 0.032 | 0.029 | 0.068 ± 0.026 | 0.069 ± 0.021 | 0.870 | 0.001 | 0.727 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.47 ± 1.35 | 2.78 ± 1.44 | 0.221 | 2.57 ± 1.16 | 2.13 ± 0.72 | 0.138 | 0.648 | 0.075 |
| AST (mmol/L) | 20.8 ± 3.9 | 31.5 ± 12.5 | < 0.001 | 19.8 ± 4.5 | 29.4 ± 9.5 | < 0.001 | 0.015 | 0.510 |
| GGT (mmol/L) | 18.4 ± 19.5 | 28.9 ± 24.2 | 0.004 | 13.1 ± 6.2 | 18.7 ± 14.3 | 0.132 | 0.011 | 0.096 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.1 ± 0.6 | 1.2 ± 1.1 | 0.704 | 1.2 ± 0.6 | 1.1 ± 0.6 | 0.513 | 0.731 | 0.643 |
| CHOL (mmol/L) | 3.3 ± 1.0 | 3.3 ± 0.8 | 0.687 | 3.8 ± 0.9 | 3.9 ± 1.1 | 0.611 | 0.001 | 0.009 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 0.814 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 0.252 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 1.7 ± 0.8 | 1.8 ± 0.6 | 0.406 | 1.9 ± 0.7 | 2.0 ± 0.8 | 0.723 | 0.019 | 0.141 |
ALT: alanine aminotransferase; NGT: normal glucose tolerance; IGT: impaired glucose tolerance; INDET: indeterminate glucose tolerance; CFRD: cystic fibrosis-related diabetes; FEV1: forced expiratory volume expired in 1 second; BMI: body mass index; OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test; AUC0-120min: area under the curve from T0 to T120 min OGTT; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR: insulin resistance index, AST: aspartate aminotransferase, GGT: gamma-glutamyl transferase; TG: triglycerides; CHOL: cholesterol; HDL: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
Data are presented as mean ± SD. Student’s t-test was performed to compare groups’ means.
*Chi square test was performed for categorical variables. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Values in bold represent significant p-values.