Table 1.
Select maternal and child characteristics by in utero TCDD exposure measures, maternal initial (1976) serum TCDD levels and TCDD estimated at pregnancy, Seveso Second Generation Study, Italy, 1976-2016.
| Maternal 1976 serum TCDD (ppt) | TCDD estimated at pregnancy (ppt) |
||
|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | N (%) | Median (interquartile range) | Median (interquartile range) |
| Total Mothers | 402 (100.0) | ||
| Maternal zone of residence at explosiona*† | |||
| A | 74 (18.4) | 242.5 (82.3, 960.0) | 55.5 (16.7, 162.6) |
| B | 328 (81.6) | 51.0 (24.4, 108.0) | 10.6 (5.5, 25.3) |
| Maternal age at explosion (years)a*†a | |||
| 0-10 | 104 (25.9) | 148.5 (54.4, 303.5) | 5.2 (2.7, 10.0) |
| 11-20 | 188 (46.8) | 53.1 (23.9, 108.0) | 14.0 (7.5, 30.6) |
| 21-30 | 101 (25.1) | 41.9 (23.9, 90.4) | 32.4 (18.2, 69.9) |
| 31+ | 9 (2.2) | 40.4 (29.4, 122.0) | 46.5 (16.3, 88.9) |
| Maternal menarche status at explosiona*† | |||
| Premenarche | 141 (35.1) | 120.0 (52.9, 268.0) | 6.4 (3.2, 14.2) |
| Postmenarche | 261 (64.9) | 44.4 (22.5, 98.9) | 20.1 (9.2, 47.1) |
| Maternal age at pregnancy (years)*† | |||
| <25 | 106 (17.3) | 44.1 (20.7, 109.0) | 25.5 (11.7, 56.5) |
| 25-29 | 219 (35.8) | 57.6 (27.2, 131.0) | 17.4 (8.0, 35.7) |
| 30-34 | 172 (28.2) | 73.9 (31.1, 211.5) | 9.2 (4.3, 24.4) |
| 35+ | 114 (18.7) | 71.1 (33.2, 157.0) | 6.5 (3.2, 16.7) |
| Maternal smoking during pregnancy† | |||
| No | 547 (89.5) | 63.5 (29.0, 162.0) | 12.8 (5.6, 32.0) |
| Yes | 64 (10.5) | 55.1 (20.7, 105.4) | 17.5 (8.4, 36.9) |
| Maternal BMI category at last follow-upa* | |||
| Underweight | 3 (0.8) | 48.8 (33.2, 49.5) | 22.0 (17.5, 25.6) |
| Normal | 196 (48.8) | 73.2 (37.3, 191.0) | 13.2 (5.5, 34.8) |
| Overweight | 107 (26.6) | 46.9 (21.3, 118.0) | 11.7 (5.6, 25.8) |
| Obese | 96 (23.9) | 52.9 (26.7, 151.5) | 15.9 (8.1, 35.6) |
| Total Children | 611 (100.0) | 63.2 (28.6, 157.0) | 13.4 (6.1, 32.4) |
| Child sex† | |||
| Male | 297 (48.6) | 54.2 (25.4, 122.0) | 11.1 (5.3, 28.6) |
| Female | 314 (51.4) | 70.0 (30.6, 174.0) | 15.8 (6.5, 35.5) |
| Child birth order† | |||
| 1 | 369 (60.4) | 64.7 (30.3, 164.0) | 16.7 (7.4, 38.8) |
| 2 | 206 (33.7) | 57.7 (26.7, 131.0) | 9.9 (4.8, 23.4) |
| 3+ | 36 (5.9) | 50.2 (20.8, 95.9) | 7.6 (3.2, 16.1) |
| Child birthweight† | |||
| <2500 g | 41 (6.7) | 61.2 (23.9, 100.0) | 8.0 (4.1, 21.3) |
| ≥2500 g | 570 (93.3) | 63.3 (29.0, 162.0) | 13.8 (6.2, 32.6) |
| Child age (years) at interview*† | |||
| 2-17 | 180 (29.5) | 98.2 (44.6, 247.0) | 4.5 (2.4, 9.1) |
| 18-29 | 229 (37.5) | 64.4 (29.2, 122.0) | 14.0 (8.0, 27.7) |
| 30+ | 202 (33.0) | 41.3 (21.3, 90.4) | 31.2 (16.9, 68.6) |
| Primary wage earner education | |||
| ≤ Required | 181 (29.6) | 65.3 (29.9, 157.0) | 11.2 (6.3, 26.8) |
| Secondary | 331 (54.2) | 63.3 (29.9, 156.0) | 12.8 (5.5, 32.1) |
| > Secondary | 99 (16.2) | 52.6 (22.5, 157.0) | 18.7 (7.9, 56.4) |
| Child physical activity level | |||
| Less active than others | 190 (31.1) | 51.2 (25.1, 122.0) | 18.0 (8.0, 35.8) |
| About the same | 263 (43.0) | 64.0 (29.4, 167.0) | 11.6 (5.2, 32.3) |
| More active than others | 158 (25.9) | 69.8 (29.9, 157.0) | 10.1 (6.1, 27.6) |
| Family history of hypertension†b | |||
| No | 295 (48.4) | 63.3 (27.0, 135.0) | 15.5 (7.1, 35.7) |
| Yes | 315 (51.6) | 63.2 (28.6, 163.4) | 11.9 (5.2, 29.5) |
| Child smoking status (18+ years only) | |||
| Never | 224 (52.0) | 59.4 (27.9, 126.0) | 20.0 (9.6, 39.9) |
| Former | 69 (16.0) | 46.8 (21.1, 102.0) | 21.6 (12.8, 56.5) |
| Current | 138 (32.0) | 49.9 (21.5, 88.0) | 19.2 (8.8, 43.9) |
*
ANOVA p < 0.05 for log10(maternal 1976 serum TCDD)
†
ANOVA p < 0.05 for log10(TCDD estimated at pregnancy)
a
Maternal 1976 serum TCDD are mother-specific (n=402) and TCDD estimated at pregnancy are child-specific (n=611).
b
Missing n=1