Table 4.
Adjusteda linear and Poisson regression models of the associations of in utero TCDD exposure with obesity-related outcomes, overall and stratified by child sex, among children 2 to 17 years, Seveso Second Generation Study, Italy, 1976-2016.
| a) Linear regression models | |||||
| Total (n=180) |
Female (n=89) |
Male (n=91) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposure | Outcome | Adjusted βb (95% CI) | Adjusted βb (95% CI) | Adjusted βb (95% CI) | p-int |
| Maternal initial (1976) serum TCDD | |||||
| Weight z-score | −0.33 (−0.69, 0.02) | −0.74 (−1.28, −0.20)* | 0.05 (−0.26, 0.37) | <0.01 | |
| Height z-score | −0.25 (−0.52, 0.03) | −0.54 (−0.96, −0.12)* | 0.03 (−0.25, 0.31) | 0.01 | |
| BMI z-score | −0.27 (−0.64, 0.11) | −0.59 (−1.12, −0.06)* | 0.04 (−0.34, 0.41) | 0.03 | |
| Body fat percentc | −3.05 (−6.09, −0.01)* | −6.76 (−11.43, −2.09)* | 0.10 (−2.89, 3.09) | <0.01 | |
| TCDD estimated at pregnancy | |||||
| Weight z-score | −0.20 (−0.67, 0.28) | −0.48 (−1.42, 0.46) | 0.12 (−0.23, 0.47) | 0.22 | |
| Height z-score | −0.32 (−0.72, 0.08) | −0.58 (−1.34, 0.17) | −0.03 (−0.38, 0.32) | 0.16 | |
| BMI z-score | −0.04 (−0.46, 0.39) | −0.26 (−1.04, 0.52) | 0.21 (−0.22, 0.63) | 0.28 | |
| Body fat percentc | −1.47 (−5.52, 2.58) | −3.58 (−11.11, 3.96) | 0.72 (−3.10, 4.54) | 0.28 | |
| b) Poisson regression models | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (n=180)c |
Female (n=89) |
Male (n=91) |
|||
| cases | Adjusted RRb (95% CI) | Adjusted RRb (95% CI) | Adjusted RRb (95% CI) | p-int | |
| Maternal 1976 serum TCDD | |||||
| Overweight or obese | 30 | 0.84 (0.48, 1.49) | 0.72 (0.34, 1.52) | 1.14 (0.51, 2.58) | 0.38 |
| Increased waist circumference | 21 | 1.09 (0.57, 2.10) | 0.79 (0.32, 1.94) | 2.58 (1.13, 5.87)* | 0.05 |
| TCDD estimated at pregnancy | |||||
| Overweight or obese | 30 | 0.97 (0.56, 1.68) | 1.03 (0.57, 1.84) | 0.83 (0.38, 1.82) | 0.66 |
| Increased waist circumference | 21 | 1.37 (0.78, 2.42) | 1.28 (0.64, 2.57) | 1.93 (0.62, 6.01) | 0.53 |
*
p<0.05
a
Adjusted for primary wage earner education, maternal age at explosion, maternal age at pregnancy, maternal smoking at pregnancy, maternal BMI, child age, and child sex.
b
Results are for a 10-fold increase in exposure.
c
Missing data: body fat (7-17 years n=1 female). Waist circumference and body fat were not measured for 2-6 years (n=19; 10 females, 9 males).