FIG 1.

cGAS-STING signaling is required for ISG responses to VacV lacking F17 in human THP1 cells. Control, cGAS KO, STING KO, or IFI16 KO THP1 cells were differentiated to macrophages and mock infected (M) or infected with WT or iF17 virus at an MOI of 5 for the indicated times. (A) Cultures of control or cGAS KO THP1s were infected for 24 h or 48 h and analyzed by Western blotting with antibodies to the indicated proteins. int, intermediate. (B) Cultures were infected for 24 h or 48 h. Whole-cell lysates were subjected to Western blotting with antibodies to the indicated proteins. (C) Top, control or cGAS KO THP1s were infected for 48 h and then analyzed by Western blotting with antibodies to the indicated proteins. Middle and bottom, supernatants were subjected to SEAP (NF-κB) (middle) and Lucia-luciferase (IRF) (bottom) reporter assays. RLU, relative light units. Error bars show standard errors of the means (SEM). *, P ≤ 0.05; **, P ≤ 0.01; ***, P ≤ 0.001; ****, P ≤ 0.0001. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s or Sidak’s test for multiple post hoc comparisons. All data are derived from and representative of at least 3 biological replicates.