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. 2019 Jul 18;9:10446. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-46790-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Proposed metabolic pathways related to acetaldehyde production from ethanol under aerobic (A) or anaerobic (B) conditions or from glucose under aerobic (C) or anaerobic (D) conditions. Solid arrowed lines, metabolic pathways common for Streptococcus and Neisseria strains (A,B) and Streptococcus strains (C,D); Dash arrowed lines, metabolic pathways specific to certain bacteria (see text). LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase; POD, pyruvate oxidase; PAT, phosphate acetyltransferase; AK, acetate kinase; Aldehyde DH, aldehyde dehydrogenase (acylating); Alcohol DH, alcohol dehydrogenase; NADH OD, NADH oxidase; PFL, pyruvate formate-lyase.