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. 2019 Jul 18;9:10397. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-46465-5

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Four-week-old A. thaliana: Latruculin B-triggered SA pathway is necessary for higher resistance to Pst DC3000 (a). Transcription of SA marker genes PR-1 and ICS1 in four-week-old A. thaliana plants. Plants were treated for 24 h with 200 nM or 1 µM latrunculin B (latB). The transcription level was normalized to the reference gene, TIP41. (b,c) Bacterial titres in four-week-old plants. (b) Plants were pretreated with 200 nM or 1 µM latB for 24 h before inoculation with Pst DC3000. Control plants were pretreated with 0.01 or 0.05% DMSO. (c) Plants were treated with 1 µM latB or 0.05% DMSO, each in a solution containing Pst DC3000. (d) Bacterial titres in four-week-old plants. (e) Representative photographs of adult A. thaliana leaves infected with Pst DC3000 3 days after inoculation. (f) Salicylic acid (SA) concentration after 24 h 1 µM latB treatment. Plants were treated for 24 h with 1 µM latB or 0.05% DMSO before inoculation with Pst DC3000. A. thaliana WT plants (col-0) and mutants with impaired SA pathways (nahG and sid2) were used (d, e, f). Tissue was harvested 3 days after inoculation with Pst DC3000. The values represent mean and error bars (SEM) from four (a,f) and six (b,c,e) independent samples. The asterisks represent statistically significant changes in latB-treated samples compared with controls (**P < 0.01; two tailed Student’s t-test) and statistical differences between the samples (d,f) were assessed using a one-way ANOVA, with a Tukey honestly significant difference (HSD) multiple mean comparison post hoc test. Different letters indicate a significant difference, Tukey HSD, P < 0.01, n = 6.