Table 4.
Logit coefficients (coeff.) and average marginal effects (AME) with standard errors (s.e.) from a multilevel model predicting likelihood of willingness to participate in passive mobile data collection
| M0 (n = 14,746) | M1 (n = 14,746) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coeff. | (s.e.) | Coeff. | (s.e.) | AME | (s.e.) | |
| Fixed effects | ||||||
| Intercept | –1.64 ** | (0.08) | –6.30 ** | (0.89) | ||
| Vignette (1) | ||||||
| 2–8 | – | –0.63 ** | (0.09) | –0.054 | (0.008) | |
| H1.1: Sponsor (Market research company) | ||||||
| Statistical agency | – | –0.26 ** | (0.08) | –0.022 | (0.006) | |
| University | – | 0.29 ** | (0.07) | 0.025 | (0.006) | |
| H1.2: Topic (Consumer behavior) | ||||||
| Mobility | – | –0.02 | (0.08) | |||
| Social interaction | – | –0.05 | (0.08) | |||
| H1.3: Study duration (One month) | ||||||
| Six months | – | –0.75 ** | (0.06) | –0.063 | (0.005) | |
| H1.4: Additional survey questions (No) | ||||||
| Yes | – | –0.08 | (0.06) | |||
| H1.5: Incentives (None) | ||||||
| 10 Euro for downloading | – | 2.43 ** | (0.10) | 0.199 | (0.008) | |
| 10 Euro at end of study | – | 2.31 ** | (0.10) | 0.189 | (0.008) | |
| Both | – | 3.12 ** | (0.10) | 0.261 | (0.008) | |
| H3: Option to switch off app (No) | ||||||
| Yes | – | 0.47 ** | (0.06) | 0.039 | (0.005) | |
| H1.6: Attitudes toward surveys and research | – | 0.09 | (0.07) | |||
| H2.1: Security concern research app | – | –0.29 ** | (0.04) | –0.024 | (0.003) | |
| H2.1: General privacy concern | – | –0.07 | (0.04) | |||
| H2.1: No. perceived privacy violations offline | – | 0.26 ** | (0.08) | 0.022 | (0.007) | |
| H2.1: No. perceived privacy violations online | – | –0.27 ** | (0.10) | –0.022 | (0.008) | |
| H2.2: Trust data not shared by research organizations | – | 0.18 ** | (0.06) | 0.015 | (0.005) | |
| H2.2: Trust data not shared by other organizations | – | 0.16 ** | (0.05) | 0.013 | (0.004) | |
| H2.3: Smartphone skills | – | –0.04 | (0.05) | |||
| H2.4: No. of devices | – | 0.11 | (0.11) | |||
| H2.4: Frequency of smartphone use | – | –0.02 | (0.06) | |||
| H2.4: No. of smartphone activities | – | 0.31 ** | (0.04) | 0.026 | (0.004) | |
| H2.4: Experience with research apps (Invited, not downloaded) | ||||||
| Never invited | – | 0.58 * | (0.24) | 0.047 | (0.019) | |
| Downloaded | – | 2.80 ** | (0.31) | 0.250 | (0.029) | |
| Age (less than 30 years) | ||||||
| 30–49 years | – | –0.30 | (0.24) | |||
| 50 years and older | – | –0.56 | (0.30) | |||
| Gender (Female) | ||||||
| Male | – | 0.54 ** | (0.19) | 0.045 | (0.016) | |
| Education (w/HS degree) | ||||||
| w/o HS degree | – | 0.14 | (0.20) | |||
| Random effects | ||||||
| Respondent variance | 10.12 | 12.24 | ||||
| Residuals | 3.29 | 3.29 | ||||
| Model fit statistics | ||||||
| –2 Log Likelihood | 13,018.0 | 10,994.8 | ||||
| AIC | 13,022.1 | 11,054.8 | ||||
| BIC | 13,018.1 | 11,282.8 |
Note.— Reference categories in parentheses. Average marginal effects (AME) only provided for significant coefficients. Listwise deletion of missing values. Mean random effect for M0 = 0.377.
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01