Table 1.

Proteins identified through proteomics as putative markers in TGTC tissue.

Protein	Gene	Molecular function (Gene Ontology)	Expressed in TGTC	Biological function in TGTC	Reference
Glutathione S-transferase (GSTs) M3 protein	GSTM3	Protein binding	Downregulated in seminoma	Polymorphism of GSTM3 predict higher risk of TGCT development	Zimmermann (16)
Gamma-tubulin complex component 6	GCP6	Microtubule binding	Identified in seminomas but not in the normal tubules	Role for microtubule nuclation at the centrosome. Excessive number of centrioles have been associated with chromosomal instability.	Leman (17)
Cyclin-dependent kinase 10	CDK10	Protein binding; kinase activity	Identified in seminomas but not in the normal tubules	Involved in cell cycle regulation	Leman (17)
StAR-related lipid transfer protein 7	STARD7	Lipid binding	Absent in seminomas	Involved in metabolism and signaling. It might play a role in mantaining the differentiated form of the normal cells.	Leman (17)
Mab-3 doublesex- and Related Transcription Factor 1	DMTR1	Molecular function	Over-expressed in mixed germ cell-sex cord stromal tumore and spermatocytic tumor	Controller of mitotic proliferation of germ cells	Liu (18)
Piwi-Like RNA Mediated Gene silencing 1	PIWIL1	Protein and mRNA binding	Specific protein of TGCT	Involved in RNA silencing during translational activity. It improves DNA methylation.	Liu (18)
Transmembrane (C-Terminal) Protease, Serine 12	TMPRSS12	Serine-type endopeptidase activity	Specific protein of TGTC	Previously reported in prostate and liver cancer. Unknown biological mechanism.	Liu (18)
p21-activated kinase 4	PAK4	Protein binding	Overexpressed in embryonal carcinoma	Involved in cell protections from apoptosis	Castillo (19)