Table 3.
Predictors of Reporting Medical Cost as a Barrier to Seeking Health Care among Adults Aged 65 and Older (n = 24,018)
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (UOR) and 95% CI for Medical Cost as a Barrier to Seeking Health Care | Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) and 95% CI for Medical Cost as a Barrier to Seeking Health Care | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socio-demographics | ||||
| Age in years | 0.98 | (0.96–1.00) | 0.97 | (0.95–1.00) |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | Reference | Reference | ||
| Female | 1.43 | (1.04–1.97) | 1.52 | (1.07–2.17) |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| White Non-Hispanic | Reference | Reference | ||
| Black Non-Hispanic | 2.48 | (1.60–3.83) | 1.79 | (1.09–2.96) |
| Hispanic | 2.91 | (1.94–4.36) | 2.48 | (1.54–4.02) |
| Othersa | 1.48 | (0.89–2.47) | 1.37 | (0.82–2.30) |
| Marital Status | ||||
| Married | Reference | Reference | ||
| Unmarriedb | 1.46 | (1.07–2.01) | 1.10 | (0.77–1.56) |
| Education | ||||
| Some College or Technical School/College Graduate | Reference | Reference | ||
| Elementary/Some High School/High School Graduate | 1.92 | (1.39–2.65) | 1.49 | (1.05–2.10) |
| Employment | ||||
| Employed | Reference | Reference | ||
| Unemployedc | 1.21 | (0.77–1.92) | 0.92 | (0.60–1.41) |
| Health Indicators | ||||
| General Health | ||||
| Excellent / Very Good / Good | Reference | Reference | ||
| Fair / Poor | 2.92 | (2.12–4.01) | 2.12 | (1.42–3.17) |
| Number of Chronic Conditions | ||||
| 0 | Reference | Reference | ||
| 1 | 1.35 | (0.85–2.16) | 1.36 | (0.81–2.28) |
| 2 | 1.52 | (0.92–2.54) | 1.35 | (0.70–2.61) |
| ≥ 3 | 2.24 | (1.38–3.64) | 1.68 | (0.92–3.07) |
| Smoking | ||||
| No | Reference | Reference | ||
| Yes | 2.33 | (1.36–3.99) | 1.72 | (1.07–2.76) |
| Use of Special Equipment due to a Health Problem | ||||
| No | Reference | Reference | ||
| Yes | 2.21 | (1.58–3.09) | 1.64 | (1.13–2.39) |
| Health Care Indicators | ||||
| Have a Health Plan | ||||
| Yes | Reference | Reference | ||
| No | 6.79 | (3.34–13.82) | 5.44 | (2.67–11.09) |
| Have a Primary Care Provider | ||||
| Yes | Reference | Reference | ||
| No | 2.34 | (1.44–3.83)) | 1.17 | (0.72–1.88) |
| Annual Health Checkup | ||||
| Yes | Reference | Reference | ||
| No | 2.53 | (1.70–3.76) | 2.83 | (1.91–4.18) |
aIncludes non-Hispanic Asian, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, American Indian or Alaskan Native only, Multiracial and other race only
bIncludes Divorced, Widowed, Separated, Never Married, and Member of an unmarried couple
cIncludes Homemaker, Student, Retired, Unable to Work, and Out of work
Statistical signifiance at 5% alpha is indicated by odds ratios in bold